Simulium vittatum (Simuliidae: Diptera), a black fly with a variable instar number

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1730-1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Colbo
Keyword(s):  
Head Capsule ◽  
Size Increase ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Simulium Vittatum

Simulium vittatum is a black fly that normally has 7 larval instars but may undergo several more, with a maximum of 11 instars being recorded in this study. The size increase was relatively constant between individuals for any one instar under similar conditions, but the increase in the first two molts was much greater than observed between late instars. There was little relationship between the relative sizes of certain head capsule measurements in the final instar, indicating the difficulty in determining stable characters for taxonomic separation of closely related simuliid species.

The larval instars of Cnephia ornithophilia (Diptera: Simuliidae), a black fly with a variable molting pattern

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 2084-2089 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Colbo ◽  
A. N. Okaeme
Keyword(s):  
Head Capsule ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Large Head

The larval instars of Cnephia ornithophilia could not be distinguished using morphometric characteristics. Nine larval instars were distinguished when larvae were individually reared and shed head capsules were collected and examined. From the data on individually reared larvae it is clear that growth between instars in the same individual and growth between larvae in the same instar are extremely variable. It was also determined that the final size of the last instar is variable and that the final dimensions of individual sclerites are poorly correlated, i.e., a large head capsule may have short or long antennae. The first instars were also unusual in having greatly reduced sclerotization of the head capsule.

ECOLOGY OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) OF THE SOURIS RIVER, MANITOBA AS A BASIS FOR CONTROL STRATEGY

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Westwood ◽  
R. A. Brust
Keyword(s):  
Control Program ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Simulium Decorum ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Wire Cage

AbstractTen species of black flies were collected from the Souris River, Manitoba between April 1977 and October 1978. Adults of Simulium luggeri Nicholson and Mickel, Simulium meridionale Riley, Simulium venustum Say, Simulium verecundum Stone and Jamnback, and Simulium johannseni johannseni (Hart) were collected feeding on livestock and humans, and are well known pest species. Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt was the most abundant species, but was not a pest on man or domestic animals. Simulium tuberosum (Lundström) and Simulium johannseni duplex Shewell and Fredeen were the least abundant species. Simulium j. johannseni, S. j. duplex, S. venustum, S. verecundum, S. tuberosum, and Cnephia dacotensis (Dyar and Shannon) appeared to be univoltine species while S. luggeri, S. meridionale, Simulium decorum Walker, and S. vittatum were multivoltine in the Souris River.An evaluation of cone, plate, rope, and wire cage sampling devices for black fly larvae and pupae indicated that cone samplers provided a more representative sample for population assessment.In a black fly control program, of the Souris River, Manitoba two separate larvicide treatments in spring may be necessary. In the case of two treatments, the first should be aimed at late instar larvae of S. j. johannseni, S. venustum, and S. verecundum. Since the majority of S. luggeri and S. meridionale would be in the egg stage at this time, a second treatment, 10–14 days later, would be necessary to control late instar larvae of these species.

scholarly journals Identification of Communal Oviposition Pheromones from the Black Fly Simulium vittatum

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e0118904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy W. McGaha ◽  
Ryan M. Young ◽  
Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena ◽  
Joseph P. Iburg ◽  
Jeremy M. Beau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Vittatum

Analyses of cDNA and recombinant protein for a potent vasoactive protein in saliva of a blood-feeding black fly, Simulium vittatum.

1998 ◽  
Vol 201 (10) ◽  
pp. 1553-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
M S Cupp ◽  
J M Ribeiro ◽  
D E Champagne ◽  
E W Cupp
Keyword(s):  
Expression System ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Rabbit Aorta ◽  
Baculovirus Expression System ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Biological Potency

A cDNA was cloned from the salivary glands of a blood-feeding black fly Simulium vittatum. The encoded protein has been given the name Simulium vittatum erythema protein or SVEP, because of its ability to increase blood perfusion in skin capillaries, resulting in the well-characterized erythema of black fly bites. The full-length cDNA contains 548 base pairs which encode 152 amino acid residues of the nascent protein. Post-translational processing produces a mature, secreted protein of 133 residues with a molecular mass of 15.4 kDa. Recombinant SVEP (rSVEP) was produced in a baculovirus expression system and purified by a one-step reversed-phase HPLC procedure. Analyses of physical properties and biological potency demonstrated fidelity of rSVEP to the native protein. Recombinant SVEP relaxed rabbit aorta preparations when preconstricted with 2 micromol l-1 phenylephrine or 25 mmol l-1 K+ but not with 60 mmol l-1 K+. Further, the rSVEP-induced relaxation response of phenylephrine-constricted aorta was inhibited by glibenclamide (10 micromol l-1), suggesting that at least part of its action to relax smooth muscle may result from the opening of ATP-dependent K+ channels. SVEP is a novel salivary-gland-derived vasoactive protein that may be essential for blood feeding by black flies and could potentially enhance transmission of filarial parasites.

scholarly journals Breaking the rule: Five larval instars in the podonomine midge Trichotanypus alaskensis Brundin from Barrow, Alaska

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec R. Lackmann ◽  
Malcolm G. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Daily Monitoring ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Standard Life ◽  
Capsule Size

Except for one unconfirmed case, chironomid larvae have been reported to pass through four larval instars between egg and pupal stages. We have observed a fifth larval instar to be a standard life-cycle feature of the podonomine Trichotanypus alaskensis Brundin 1966 in tundra ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain near Barrow, Alaska. T. alaskensis has a one-year life cycle in these arctic ponds. Adults emerge in June ~2-3 weeks after pond thaw, then mate and oviposit; most newly-hatched larvae reach instar IV by October when pond sediments freeze. Overwintering larvae complete instar IV within a few days of thaw, then molt again to a fifth larval instar. Imaginal discs, normally seen only during instar IV in Chironomidae, develop across both instars IV & V prior to pupation and adult emergence. While monitoring larval development post-thaw in 2014, we noticed freshly-molted T. alaskensis larval exuviae a week or more prior to any pupation by that species. In 2015-16 we reared overwintering instar IV larvae from single pond sources, individually with daily monitoring, through molts to instar V, pupa, and adult. Some overwintering instar II and III larvae were reared as well, but were few in number. During 2016 we also reared T. alaskensis progeny (from eggs) through instar II, thus documenting head capsule size ranges for all five instars in a single pond’s population. Without individual rearings, the fifth larval instar was not readily apparent for two reasons: 1) The molt itself occurs immediately after thaw and is so synchronous it is difficult to discern in daily field samples. 2) The head capsule size increment between instars IV-V is much lower than the ratio predicted by the Brooks-Dyar Rule. Up through instar IV, the Brooks-Dyar ratio for T. alaskensis ranged 1.30-1.61, but during the IV-V molt head capsule dimensions (sexes pooled) increased by a ratio of 1.09 – comparable to the magnitude of sexual dimorphism in head capsule size within each of the final two larval instars. Individual rearings coupled with 2014-2016 field surveys in nine other ponds suggest that five larval instars is an obligatory trait of this species at this location. As this is the first confirmed case of five larval instars in a chironomid, the phylogenetic uniqueness of this trait needs further investigation.

scholarly journals Formation of Pattern and Diagnostic Instar Features of the Head in Caterpillars from Genus Peridea (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. e-15-e-24
Author(s):  
I. Dolinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Diagnostic Character ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Ontogenetic Stages ◽  
First Time ◽  
Taxonomic Relations

Formation of Pattern and Diagnostic Instar Features of the Head in Caterpillars from Genus Peridea (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae) Pattern and colouration of caterpillar head of all larval instar of 7 species from genus Peridea Stephens, 1828 are studied. Formation of caterpillar head pattern in ontogenesis is discussed. Diagnostic characters, both specific and larval instars, are recorded for the first time. Key to species according to larval instars is given. Evidently, only larvae of the 1st instar demonstrate different directions in the pattern formation. This characteristic can be used for clearing of taxonomic relations in the genera and on the earliest ontogenetic stages (1st larval instar) only. In the following (2nd-5th) instars, the pattern became more or less of the same type. It depends on stripes shape or colouration only and can serve as good specific diagnostic character. To determine larval instar, both width of the head capsule and head pattern should be taken into account.

scholarly journals Descriptions of immature stages of Octodonta nipae (Maulik) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae, Cryptonychini)

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 764 ◽  
pp. 91-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-fei Peng ◽  
Jin-lei Li ◽  
You-ming Hou ◽  
Xiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Palm Trees ◽  
Scanning Electron

Octodontanipae(Maulik, 1921), a hispid that damages several species of palm trees, was introduced accidently into China in 2001. The egg, larva, prepupa and pupa ofO.nipaeare illustrated and described in detail and compared with another invasive species,Brontispalongissima(Gestro, 1885); the scanning electron micrographs of the head capsule, antenna, maxilla, labium and lateral scoli are provided, as well as photos of body of all larval instars and pupa. It is the second description of immature stages in the genusOctodontaChapuis.

Re-description of larvae of Chostonectes nebulosus (Macleay, 1871) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae, Hydroporinae, Hydroporini, Sternopriscina) with an identification key to the known larvae of Chostonectes Sharp, 1882

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4718 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-446
Author(s):  
EDWARD TSYRLIN ◽  
MELISSA CAREW ◽  
YVES ALARIE
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Molecular Approach ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
First Time

The second and third larval instars of the Australian endemic dytiscid Chostonectes nebulosus (Macleay, 1871) are described and illustrated for the first time including a detailed chaetotaxic analysis of head capsule and appendages, legs, last abdominal segment and urogomphi. Collected larvae were successfully associated with adults using rearing and a molecular approach. The identification key and COI barcodes for C. nebulosus, C. gigas (Boheman, 1858) and C. johnsonii (Clark, 1862) are provided. 

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