Tissue-specific allometry of an aerobic respiratory enzyme in a large and a small species of cyprinid (Teleostei)

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 2199-2208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward M. Goolish ◽  
Ira R. Adelman
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Ontogenetic Allometry ◽  
Total Body

The aerobic enzyme cytochrome-c oxidase (CCO) was used as a measure of tissue-specific metabolic capacity. Changes in tissue CCO activity with increased body size were combined with allometric relationships for tissue weight to describe changes in energy use with increased body size. A large (common carp, Cyprinus carpio) and a small (common shiner, Notropis cornutus) species of cyprinid were used to examine differences between ontogenetic and phylogenetic allometry. With increased size, shifts occurred in energy use from viscera (high metabolic rate) to muscle tissue (low metabolic rate) which would account for the negative allometry of whole-body metabolic rate. This shift was more severe for the larger (i.e., faster growing) species, common carp. Percent muscle mass was fairly constant in the shiner, but increased from 42 to 62% of total body mass in the carp. For both species, the greatest allometry in total tissue CCO activity occurred in the brain and intestine. Total intestinal CCO activity scaled as weight to the exponents 0.70 and 0.54 for the carp and shiner, respectively. The greater proportion of metabolically active visceral tissue in young individuals is apparently not an energetic disadvantage, because these fish often have the highest growth efficiencies. These efficiencies may be due to the more favorable ratio of food "processing" capacity to target growth tissue (muscle) in small fish. The negative allometry in processing ability is likely responsible for the decreases in ingestion and growth rates with increased size. The influence of growth on ectotherm metabolism is large and, because growth is allometric, it can affect the exponent for metabolic rate in ontogenetic allometry studies.

scholarly journals Blood flow to long bones indicates activity metabolism in mammals, reptiles and dinosaurs

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1728) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger S. Seymour ◽  
Sarah L. Smith ◽  
Craig R. White ◽  
Donald M. Henderson ◽  
Daniela Schwarz-Wings
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Bone Remodelling ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Blood Flow Rate ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Cross Sectional

The cross-sectional area of a nutrient foramen of a long bone is related to blood flow requirements of the internal bone cells that are essential for dynamic bone remodelling. Foramen area increases with body size in parallel among living mammals and non-varanid reptiles, but is significantly larger in mammals. An index of blood flow rate through the foramina is about 10 times higher in mammals than in reptiles, and even higher if differences in blood pressure are considered. The scaling of foramen size correlates well with maximum whole-body metabolic rate during exercise in mammals and reptiles, but less well with resting metabolic rate. This relates to the role of blood flow associated with bone remodelling during and following activity. Mammals and varanid lizards have much higher aerobic metabolic rates and exercise-induced bone remodelling than non-varanid reptiles. Foramen areas of 10 species of dinosaur from five taxonomic groups are generally larger than from mammals, indicating a routinely highly active and aerobic lifestyle. The simple measurement holds possibilities offers the possibility of assessing other groups of extinct and living vertebrates in relation to body size, behaviour and habitat.

Relationship of the metabolic rate of excised gill tissue to body size in two species of sunfish

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
James O'Hara
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Lepomis Macrochirus ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Lepomis Gibbosus ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Intrinsic Muscles ◽  
Reduced Surface

The respiration rate of excised gill tissue from Lepomis macrochirus and Lepomis gibbosus was lowest in small fish and increased with body size to a stable maximum in larger fish. It is suggested that this relationship is due to size-associated changes in development of intrinsic muscles of the gills which compensates for the reduced surface-to-volume ratio of the gill tissue in larger fish.

Relationship of resting metabolic rate to body composition and protein turnover

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (6) ◽  
pp. E990-E998 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Welle ◽  
K. S. Nair
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Simultaneous Estimation ◽  
Total Body Potassium ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Relationship Of

This study examined whether variability among healthy young adults in resting metabolic rate, normalized for the amount of metabolically active tissue (assessed by total body potassium), is related to protein turnover. Resting metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry for 2 h in 26 men and 21 women, 19-33 yr old, with simultaneous estimation of protein turnover during a 4-h infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine. After adjusting metabolic rate for total body potassium, the standard deviation was only 89 kcal/day, or 5.5% of the average value. There was a high correlation between leucine flux (an index of proteolysis) and metabolic rate (r = 0.84) and between the nonoxidized portion of leucine flux (an index of protein synthesis) and metabolic rate (r = 0.83). This relationship was weaker, but still significant, after adjusting leucine metabolism and metabolic rate for total body potassium (r = 0.36 for leucine flux vs. metabolic rate, r = 0.33 for nonoxidized portion of leucine flux vs. metabolic rate, P less than 0.05). The regression analysis suggested that the contribution of protein turnover to resting metabolic rate was approximately 20% in an average subject. Metabolic rate and protein turnover were highest in the subjects with the greatest amount of body fat, even after accounting for differences in whole body potassium. Neither resting metabolic rate nor protein turnover was related to total or free concentrations of thyroxine or triiodothyronine, within the euthyroid range.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Explained variance in the thermoregulatory responses to exercise: the independent roles of biophysical and fitness/fatness-related factors

2015 ◽  
Vol 119 (9) ◽  
pp. 982-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew N. Cramer ◽  
Ollie Jay
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Biophysical Parameters ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Biophysical Factors

Individual variation in the thermoregulatory responses to exercise is notoriously large. Although aerobic fitness (V̇o2 max) and body fatness are traditionally considered important predictors of individual core temperature and sweating responses, recent evidence indicates potentially important and independent roles for biophysical factors. Using stepwise regression, we examined the proportion of individual variability in rectal temperature changes (ΔTre), whole body sweat loss (WBSL), and steady-state local sweat rate (LSRss) independently described by 1) biophysical factors associated with metabolic heat production (Hprod) and evaporative heat balance requirements (Ereq) relative to body size and 2) factors independently related to V̇o2 max and body fatness. In a total of 69 trials, 28 males of wide-ranging morphological traits and V̇o2 max values cycled at workloads corresponding to a range of absolute Hprod (410–898 W) and relative intensities (32.2–82.0% V̇o2 max) for 60 min in 24.8 ± 0.7°C and 33.4 ± 12.2% relative humidity. Hprod (in W/kg total body mass) alone described ∼50% of the variability in ΔTre (adjusted to r2 = 0.496; P < 0.001), whereas surface area-to-mass ratio and body fat percentage (BF%) explained an additional 4.3 and 2.3% of variability, respectively. For WBSL, Ereq (in W) alone explained ∼71% of variance (adjusted to r2 = 0.713, P < 0.001), and the inclusion of BF% explained an additional 1.3%. Similarly, Ereq (in W/m2) correlated significantly with LSRss (adjusted to r2 = 0.603, P < 0.001), whereas %V̇o2 max described an additional ∼4% of total variance. In conclusion, biophysical parameters related to Hprod, Ereq, and body size explain 54–71% of the individual variability in ΔTre, WBSL, and LSRss, and only 1–4% of additional variance is explained by factors related to fitness or fatness.

Effects of migration distance on whole-body and tissue-specific energy use in American shad (Alosa sapidissima)

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1159-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill BK Leonard ◽  
Stephen D McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Specific Energy ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
American Shad ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Connecticut River ◽  
Alosa Sapidissima ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Subdermal Fat

We examined total and tissue-specific energy content of upstream-migrating American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the Connecticut River. Total energy depletion over the course of the 228-km migration ranged from 35 to 60%. The approximate contributions of different tissues to energy use during migration were white muscle 57%, subdermal fat 27%, red muscle 8%, viscera 6%, and liver 2%. American shad preferentially use energy stores in the skin and its subdermal fat layer (depleted by 63%) while sparing red muscle protein. Both lipid and protein were used as energy sources throughout migration, although lipids were depleted to a greater extent (e.g., white muscle lipid decreased 48% and protein 30%). Large fish expended 2-21% more energy during migration than small fish. Migrating to upriver sites (198-228 km) is 50-100% more energetically expensive than to lower river sections for females. This suggests that upriver range expansion may be limited by females in that they may have reached a threshold level of energy expenditure in this upriver area. American shad may possess physiological mechanisms for tissue-specific energy use allowing maintenance of critical tissues necessary for postspawning survival.

Resting Metabolic Rate and Thermogenic Effect of Glucose in Trained and Untrained Girls Age 11-15 Years

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Burkhard-Jagodzinska ◽  
Krystyna Nazar ◽  
Maria Ladyga ◽  
Janina Starczewska-Czapowska ◽  
Lech Borkowski
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Glucose Ingestion ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Age Of Menarche ◽  
Effect Of Glucose

Twelve girls who trained in rowing were examined twice a year for 4 years. Their initial age was 11.7 ± (SD) 0.2 yrs. Control groups consisted of 13 girls age 11.5±0.3 yrs and 18 girls age 14.4±0.3 yrs examined simultaneously with trained girls in the first and last year of the study, respectively. The examination involved basic anthropometry, estimation of sexual maturation (Tanner scale), 2-day food records, measurements of resting metabolic rate, energy expenditure following glucose ingestion (50 g), and determinations of blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations prior to and 2 hrs after glucose load. Body mass, height, and fat content were slightly greater in trained girls. None of the subjects reported disturbances in menstrual function, and the age of menarche was similar for all. Both trained and untrained girls reported similar daily energy intake closer to the lower limit or slightly below the estimates of energy requirements for adolescents. Resting metabolic rate calculated per kg of total body mass or lean body mass was lower in trained girls, while the thermogenic effect of glucose was greater. Plasma insulin concentrations measured 2 hrs after glucose ingestion were lower in trained girls. The results suggest that in circumpubertal girls, increased physical activity leads to energy conservation at rest in postabsorptive state and a tendency toward enhancement of food-induced thermogenesis.

scholarly journals Pelvic Injury Risk Curves for the Military Populations From Lateral Impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 186 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 424-429
Author(s):  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
Tyler F Rooks ◽  
Valeta Carol Chancey ◽  
Frank A Pintar ◽  
Anjishnu Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Pelvic Injury ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Military Populations ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Risk Curves

ABSTRACT Introduction Current methods for transporting military troops include nonstandard seating orientations, which may result in novel injuries because of different types/directions of loading impact. The objective of this study is to develop pelvic injury risk curves (IRCs) under lateral impacts from human cadaver tests using survival analysis for application to military populations. Methods Published data from lateral impacts applied to whole-body cadaver specimens were analyzed. Forces were treated as response variables. Demographics and body mass index (BMI) were covariates. Injury risk curves were developed for forces without covariates, for males, females, 83 kg body mass, and 25 kg/m2 BMI. Mean and ± 95% confidence interval IRCs, normalized confidence interval sizes at discrete risk levels, and quality indices were obtained for each metric-covariate combination curve. Results Mean age, stature, total body mass, and BMI were 70.1 ± 8.6 years, 1.67 ± 0.1 m, 67.0 ± 14.4 kg, and 23.9 ± 3.97 kg/m2, respectively. For a total body mass of 83 kg, peak forces at 10%, 25%, and 50% probability levels were 5.7 kN, 7.4 kN, and 9.6 kN, respectively. For males, peak forces at the 10%, 25%, and 50% probability levels were 4.8 kN, 6.4 kN, and 8.4 kN, respectively. For females, peak forces at the 10%, 25%, and 50% probability levels were 3.0 kN, 4.0 kN, and 5.2 kN, respectively. Other data and risk curves are given. Conclusions The IRCs developed in this study can be used as injury criteria for the crashworthiness of future generation military vehicles. The introduction of BMI, sex, and total body mass as covariates quantified their contributions. These IRCs can be used with finite element models to assess and predict injury in impact environments to advance Soldier safety. Manikins specific to relevant military anthropometry may be designed and/or evaluated with the present IRCs to assess and mitigate musculoskeletal injuries associated with this posture and impact direction.

Biological Mechanisms Underlying Voice Changes Due to Dehydration

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Verdolini ◽  
Young Min ◽  
Ingo R. Titze ◽  
Jon Lemke ◽  
Kice Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Threshold Pressure ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride ◽  
Voice Changes ◽  
Total Body

Four vocally untrained healthy adults, 2 men and 2 women, completed the study. A double-blind placebo-controlled approach was used to administer three treatments to each participant on separate days. Drugs treatments involved a single 60-mg dose of a diuretic, Lasix (LA), on one day, and a single 50-mg dose of an oral antihistamine, diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DH), on another day. A third day involved the administration of a placebo, sugar pills (SP). Critical posttreatment measures were weight (kg), which estimated systemic dehydration, saliva viscosity (centipoise), which estimated secretion dehydration, and phona-tion threshold pressure (PTP, in cm H 2 O), at high pitches, which indicated pulmonary drive for phonation. The central experimental question was: Does systemic dehydration, or secretory dehydration, or both, mediate increases in PTP that are known to occur following dehydration treatments? The results showed that LA induced systemic dehydration, as shown by a decrease in total body mass of about 1%. Weight losses were seen during a 1- to 4-hour block following drug administration and persisted for at least 8 hours thereafter. PTPs also increased in that condition, about 23% relative to baseline, but only several hours after whole-body dehydration was initially seen (5–12 hours after drug administration). In contrast, no evidence was seen that DH accomplished either secretory dehydration or PTP shifts. The results indicate that systemic dehydration can mediate PTP increases. The influence of secretory dehydration on PTP is unclear.

A REVIEW OF TWAK SHARIR W. S. R. TO PADADARI

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Yende ◽  
Jayashree S Gohane ◽  
Thosar Sheetal Laxman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
External Surface ◽  
External Auditory Meatus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lateral Aspect ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Soil And Water

Padadari is one of the commonest & most negligible disease. It is observed that people are least bothered about their feet though feet bear the whole body weight. In India 80% of population live in rural area. Most of them work in farms in wet soil and water also. So incidence of cracking the skin of the foot is very common. For management of Padadari knowledge of skin is very important. The skin covers the entire external surface of the body, including the external auditory meatus, the lateral aspect of tympanic membrane and vestibule of the nose. Skin forms about 8% of the total body mass. It is one of the largest organs of the body in surface area and weight. In adult, the skin covers an area about 2 square meters and weighs 4.5-5 kg. Its thickness is 0.5-4mm, depending on location, maturation and ageing. All of Acharyas explain briefly about Twak Sharir , in this research article we try to focus on Twak Sharir. Key Words-  Padadari, Twaka, crack heel,

scholarly journals Sarcopenic Obesity in Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Vera ◽  
Mary McConville ◽  
Michael Kyba ◽  
Manda Keller-Ross
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Sarcopenic Obesity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Appendicular Lean Mass ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Background: Sarcopenic obesity has been observed in people with neuromuscular impairment, and is linked to adverse health outcomes.It is unclear, however, if sarcopenia obesity develops in adults with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Methods: This research was designed to determine if adults with FSHD meet criteria for sarcopenic obesity (appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) scores of <7.26 kg/m2 or 5.45 kg/m2; % body fat of >28% or 40% in men/women). Ten people with FSHD (50±11 years, 2 females) and ten age/sex-matched controls (47±13 years, 2 females) completed one visit, which included a full-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. Regional and whole body total mass (g), fat mass (FM, (g, %)), and lean mass (LM, (g, %)) were collected; body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and and sarcopenia measures (appendicular lean mass (sum of arm/leg lean mass, ALM (kg)), ALMI (kg/m2)) were computed. Results: Although total body mass was similar between adults with FSHD and controls (84.5±12.9 vs. 81.8±13.5 kg, respectively; p=0.65), the proportion of mass due to fat was much higher in FSHD, with many individuals having >50% mass due to fat (means: 40.8±7.0 vs. 27.9±7.5%; p=0.001). ALM volume was 23% lower and ALMI was 27% lower in FSHD (p<0.01). Whole body LM trended to be lower in FSHD vs. controls (p=0.05) and arm and leg LM were both lower in FSHD compared with controls (p<0.05). Furthermore, the % LM was 18% lower in FSHD vs. controls (p=0.001). FSHD participants exhibited greater total body FM (p<0.01), total leg fat mass (p<0.001), and but similar total arm fat mass (p=0.09). Conclusions: These data demonstrate that people with FSHD, although similar in total body mass to controls, commonly meet the definition of sarcopenic obesity, with significant consequences for quality of life, and implications for disease management.

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