A study of Gyrodactylus colemanensis Mizelle and Kritsky, 1967 and Gyrodactylus salmonis (Yin and Sproston, 1948) (Monogenea) parasitizing captive salmonids in Nova Scotia

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Cone ◽  
R. Cusack
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Young Of The Year ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Gyrodactylus colemanensis Mizelle and Kritsky, 1967 and Gyrodactylus salmonis (Yin and Sproston, 1948) parasitized Salvelinus fontinalis, Salmo gairdneri, and Salmo salar at a fish farm in Nova Scotia. Gyrodactylus colemanensis occurs on the edges of fins and clings delicately to the skin surface. Gyrodactylus salmonis embeds its marginal hooks deeply into the epidermis and occurs all over the body surface except on the fin edges. The parasites gain entrance to the hatchery on infected stocks arriving from other facilities and possibly through infected wild salmonids entering via the water supply. Brood stocks serve as reservoir hosts within the farm. Young-of-the-year S. fontinalis became infected within 8 weeks of transfer to the outside raceways, with hatchery buckets and nets likely serving as vehicles of transmission. Intensity of infection increased during winter to a spring peak followed by a decrease during the summer months. Intensity generally decreased with host age. Stocks were initially infected with mixed infections; subsequently, single species infections occurred which involved first G. salmonis, then G. colemanensis, and then G. salmonis. There were no clinical signs of disease associated with infections and the parasites did not harbor bacterial or viral pathogens.

Pathology of five species of Gyrodactylus Nordmann, 1832 (Monogenea)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1084-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Cone ◽  
P. H. Odense
Keyword(s):  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Attachment Site ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Marginal Hook ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Tautogolabrus Adspersus ◽  
Skin Discoloration

Attachment-site pathology of the ectoparasites Gyrodactylus adspersi Cone and Wiles, 1983 on Tautogolabrus adspersus, Gyrodactylus avalonia Hanek and Threlfall, 1969 on Gasterosteus aculeatus, Gyrodactylus bullatarudis Turnbull, 1956 on Poecilia reticulata, Gyrodactylus sp. on Carassius auratus, and Gyrodactylus salmonis (Yin and Sproston, 1948) on Salmo gairdneri was examined using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In the first four species, the disc-shaped haptor attached itself to the host skin surface by means of blade tips of 16 peripherally located marginal hooks, with the two ventrally located hamulus blades compressing the underlying epithelium into a small depression. Tissue damage from attachment and feeding was minimal. However, G. salmonis lodged its marginal hook sickles deep into the host epidermis and appeared to cause extensive fin damage and skin discoloration. There was little evidence of bacterial involvement in the wounds, but bacterial microcolonies were observed on the body surface and haptor of G. salmonis. The latter results are discussed in relation to our understanding of gyrodactyliasis.

Concluding remarks

1956 ◽  
Vol 146 (922) ◽  
pp. 90-92 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immunological Reaction ◽  
Picryl Chloride ◽  
Purified Antigen ◽  
Circulating Antibody

In many ways immunological tolerance is an ideal subject for discussion at the present time. Experimental work has gone far enough to allow us to claim that the principle of immunological tolerance is soundly established and that we can see more or less clearly some of its implications. But obviously very much remains to be learnt of the part played by tolerance in the various fields that have been discussed. It is by no means certain that we are dealing with a single topic when we compare tolerance to homografts with inhibition of antibody production against soluble protein in a rabbit. Such a situation provides much for discussion but does not make it easy to condense or interpret that discussion. One might begin by reiterating that immunology is concerned with much more than the production and properties of typical circulating antibody. There are at least four different types of immunological reaction and there are hints of many minor differences within the main types. Pappenheimer’s recent work on the variety of responses given by a single species, man, to a single purified antigen, diphtheria toxoid, offers a characteristic example of the current trend. Chase’s experiments on the response of guinea pigs to simple allergens like picryl chloride, have been only incidentally mentioned in today’s discussion, but their importance is obvious. A form of tolerance very similar to that produced by prenatal treatment of mice can be produced by administering the allergen to adult guinea-pigs by mouth. The animals are resistant to sensitization by skin treatment and the inhibition is general and unrelated to any persistence of allergen in the body. The question immediately arises whether all forms of tolerance are basically similar or whether for each of the qualitatively distinct types of positive immunological reaction, a correspondingly distinct type of inhibition or tolerance must be sought.

Inhibiting ventilatory evaporation produces an adaptive increase in cutaneous evaporation in mourning doves Zenaida macroura

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (21) ◽  
pp. 3021-3028 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Hoffman ◽  
G.E. Walsberg
Keyword(s):  
Skin Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Zenaida Macroura ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Rapid Adjustment ◽  
Mourning Doves ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Cutaneous Evaporation

We tested the hypothesis that birds can rapidly change the conductance of water vapor at the skin surface in response to a changing need for evaporative heat loss. Mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) were placed in a two-compartment chamber separating the head from the rest of the body. The rate of cutaneous evaporation was measured in response to dry ventilatory inflow at three ambient temperatures and in response to vapor-saturated ventilatory inflow at two ambient temperatures. At 35 degrees C, cutaneous evaporation increased by 72 % when evaporative water loss from the mouth was prevented, but no increase was observed at 45 degrees C. For both dry and vapor-saturated treatments, cutaneous evaporation increased significantly with increased ambient temperature. Changes in skin temperature made only a minor contribution to any observed increase in cutaneous evaporation. This indicates that Z. macroura can effect rapid adjustment of evaporative conductance at the skin in response to acute change in thermoregulatory demand.

XIX. On the structure and development of myriothela

1875 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 549-575 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Entire Length ◽  
Species Being

Mykiothela, of which we have as yet no satisfactory evidence of more than a single species being known, consists of a solitary attached hydranth, carrying near its proximal or attached end the blastostyles or appendages which give origin and support to the gonophores (Plate 55). Full-sized specimens (fig. 1) measure, when extended, nearly 2 inches in length. They are then cylindrical in form, with the mouth occupying the summit of a short conical hypostome, behind which the tentacles commence, and thence extend over somewhat more than one half the entire length of the body; while the proximal end of the body is bent at right angles to the rest, is invested with a chitinous perisarc, and gives origin to short sucker-like processes of attachment.

Body Temperature of the Camel and Its Relation to Water Economy

1956 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Schmidt-Nielsen ◽  
Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen ◽  
S. A. Jarnum ◽  
T. R. Houpt
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Heat Gain ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
The Given

The rectal temperature of normal healthy camels at rest may vary from about 34°C to more than 40°C. Diurnal variations in the winter are usually in the order of 2°C. In summer the diurnal variations in the camel deprived of drinking water may exceed 6°C, but in animals with free access to water the variations are similar to those found in the winter. The variations in temperature are of great significance in water conservation in two ways. a) The increase in body temperature means that heat is stored in the body instead of being dissipated by evaporation of water. At night the excess heat can be given off without expenditure of water. b) The high body temperature means that heat gain from the hot environment is reduced because the temperature gradient is reduced. The effect of the increased body temperature on heat gain from the environment has been calculated from data on water expenditure. These calculations show that under the given conditions the variations in body temperature effect a considerable economy of water expenditure. The evaporative heat regulation in the camel seems to rest exclusively on evaporation from the skin surface (sweating), and there is no apparent increase in respiratory rate or panting connected with heat regulation. The evaporation from isolated skin areas increases linearly with increased heat load. The critical temperature at which the increase sets in is around 35°C. The fur of the camel is an efficient barrier against heat gain from the environment. Water expenditure is increased in camels that have been shorn.

HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF 3-TRIFLUORMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL (TFM) ON LARVAL LAMPREY AND TROUT

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Christie ◽  
Helen I. Battle
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Sinusoidal Dilatation ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Red Coloration

Larvae of the lamprey, Entosphenus lamottei (Le Sueur), and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, were exposed to the sodium salt of 3-trifluormethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in concentrations of 0.75 p.p.m., 3.00 p.p.m., and 6.00 p.p.m. Microscopic examination of changes induced in the gills, liver, cloacal region, and musculature were made on 7-micron sections stained with Harris' haematoxylin and Bowie's eosin, and in the gill region with periodic acid Schiff reagent. A comparison of the degree of the effects in the two species was made by planimetry of the vascular, cellular, and edematous areas from enlarged drawings of sections.Upon exposure to lethal concentrations of TFM, the body of the larval lamprey becomes distended at the pharyngeal level and heavy cords of mucus emerge from the external gill clefts. A deep red coloration is evident in the pharyngeal region consequent upon vasodilatation of the arterioles and capillaries of the gill filaments. Trout exhibit a similar vasodilatation of the gills together with increased mucous secretion. Edema in the connective tissue between the respiratory epithelium and the vascular endothelium is induced in both species. After prolonged exposure to TFM, the mucous cells in the lining of the branchial chamber and covering the tips of the gill filaments are actively discharging their secretions or completely spent.Certain effects induced by TFM in the larval lamprey are not evident in the trout. The cloacal region takes on a deep red coloration due to dilatation of the venous sinuses and the liver becomes reddish because of sinusoidal dilatation. Extensive edema of the fibrous connective tissue of the skeletal musculature is characteristically present. A slightly increased secretory activity of mucous-secreting cells may occur in the epidermis.With the techniques employed in this study, there was no evidence in either species of cytological or histological changes in the nervous tissue, cardiac musculature, notochord, alimentary canal (including the haemopoietic typhlosole of the lamprey), or mesonephros.

scholarly journals Detectability of the peripheral and axial manifestations of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis in dermatological practice

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
M. N. Chamurlieva ◽  
E. Yu. Loginova ◽  
T. V. Korotaeva
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inflammatory Back Pain ◽  
Patient Complaints ◽  
Asas Criteria ◽  
Mechanical Back Pain

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a heterogeneous disease manifested by peripheral arthritis, dactylitis, spondylitis, and enthesitis. PsA is often undiagnosed by dermatovenerologists because of the difficulty in identifying a variety of clinical signs. The early diagnosis of PsA and the accurate assessment of all its symptoms are necessary for the timely choice of optimal therapy.Objective: to assess the detectability of clinical signs of PsA in patients with psoriasis in dermatological practice.Patients and methods. The investigation enrolled 103 patients (47 men and 56 women) (mean age, 44.0±13.7 years) with psoriasis (its mean duration, 10.7±10.2 years), the average prevalence and severity according to the Body Surface Area (BSA) and the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) were 9.3±13.6% and 15.4±12.5 scores, respectively. All the patients completed the Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool (mPEST) and were examined by a dermatovenerologist and a rheumatologist. The diagnosis of PsA was based on the Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR). The investigators evaluated arthritis, dactylitis, enthesitis, and inflammatory back pain (IBP) according to the rheumatological standards: IBP by the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) criteria, and enthesitis by the Leeds Enthesitis Index (LEI).Results and discussion. Sixty-one (59.2%) of the 103 patients with psoriasis were found to have PsA on the basis of the CASPAR criteria and the rheumatologist's examination. The dermatovenerologist diagnosed arthritis in a significantly smaller number of cases than did the rheumatologist: in 15 (24.6%) and 35 (57.4%) of the 61 patients (p<0.001), respectively. The dermatovenerologist and the rheumatologist demonstrated no significant differences in their clinical evaluation of dactylitis: it was detected in 37 (60.7%) and 40 (65.6%) of the 61 patients, respectively (p=0.32). Based on patient complaints and mPEST findings, the dermatovenerologist recorded pain in the calcaneal region in 32 (52.5%) patients. The rheumatologist identified ulnar, knee, and calcaneus enthesitis in 11 (18%), 8 (13.1%), and 25 (41%) patients, respectively. Based on complaints and mPEST findings, the dermatovenerologist detected back pain in 30 (49.2%) of the 61 patients. The rheumatologist diagnosed IBP in 21 (70%) of these 30 patients and mechanical back pain in 9 (30%). Thus, IBP was noted in 34.4% of PsA patients. Tendonitis was undiagnosed by the dermatovenerologist; the rheumatologist identified wrist tendonitis in 13 (21.3%) of the 61 patients with PsA.Conclusion. Dermatovenerologists frequently underestimate damage to the spine and entheses in patients with psoriasis. The introduction of the ASAS criteria for IBP and methods for assessing enthesitis in dermatological practice can improve the early diagnosis of axial lesion in PsA in patients with psoriasis.

scholarly journals Rodent helminths in fragmented Atlantic Forest areas in the western region of the state of Paraná

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danise Benatti ◽  
Luis Felipe Andrietti ◽  
José Flávio Cândido Júnior ◽  
Alexandre Vogliotti ◽  
Marcela Figueirêdo Duarte Moraes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Ecological Indicators ◽  
The Body ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Body Condition Index ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
New Host ◽  
The Western Region

Abstract Rodents are small mammals that can be parasitized by various helminths. This study aimed to identify and describe the ecological indicators of infection in rodents captured in fragments of the Atlantic Forest in the western region of Paraná State, Brazil. Sixty-eight specimens of five rodent species were collected, necropsied, and inspected in search of helminths. The parasites were stored in 70% ethanol, morphologically identified, and counted for calculation of infection indicators. Fourteen species of helminths and one species of Crustacea were recorded: ten in Akodon montensis, four in Mus musculus, two in Thaptomys nigrita, two in Oligoryzomys nigripes, and one in Euryoryzomys russatus. The registered species of parasites were: Rodentolepis akodontis, Angiostrongylus sp., Protospirura numidica criceticola, Trichuris navonae, Syphacia alata, Syphacia criceti, Syphacia evaginata, Trichofreitasia lenti, Stilestrongylus aculeata, Stilestrongylus eta, Stilestrongylus gracielae, Stilestrongylus franciscanus, Stilestrongylus moreli, Stilestrongylus sp., and Pentastomida gen. sp. A positive correlation between the intensity of infection of T. navonae and T. lenti was observed with the body condition index of the host A. montensis. For all species, this study represents a new register of locality, and for eight of them a new host.

scholarly journals Novel Nanoparticle-Based Cancer Treatment, Effectively Inhibits Lung Metastases and Improves Survival in a Murine Breast Cancer Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Kraus ◽  
Raz Khandadash ◽  
Raphael Hof ◽  
Abraham Nyska ◽  
Ekaterina Sigalov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Lung Metastases ◽  
Metastatic Cancer ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
The Body ◽  
Alternating Magnetic Field ◽  
Therapeutic Modality

Sarah Nanoparticles (SaNPs) are unique multicore iron oxide-based nanoparticles, developed for the treatment of advanced cancer, following standard care, through the selective delivery of thermal energy to malignant cells upon exposure to an alternating magnetic field. For their therapeutic effect, SaNPs need to accumulate in the tumor. Since the potential accumulation and associated toxicity in normal tissues are an important risk consideration, biodistribution and toxicity were assessed in naïve BALB/c mice. Therapeutic efficacy and the effect on survival were investigated in the 4T1 murine model of metastatic breast cancer. Toxicity evaluation at various timepoints did not reveal any abnormal clinical signs, evidence of alterations in organ function, nor histopathologic adverse target organ toxicity, even after a follow up period of 25 weeks, confirming the safety of SaNP use. The biodistribution evaluation, following SaNP administration, indicated that SaNPs accumulate mainly in the liver and spleen. A comprehensive pharmacokinetics evaluation, demonstrated that the total percentage of SaNPs that accumulated in the blood and vital organs was ~78%, 46%, and 36% after 4, 13, and 25 weeks, respectively, suggesting a time-dependent clearance from the body. Efficacy studies in mice bearing 4T1 metastatic tumors revealed a 49.6% and 70% reduction in the number of lung metastases and their relative size, respectively, in treated vs. control mice, accompanied by a decrease in tumor cell viability in response to treatment. Moreover, SaNP treatment followed by alternating magnetic field exposure significantly improved the survival rate of treated mice compared to the controls. The median survival time was 29 ± 3.8 days in the treated group vs. 21.6 ± 4.9 days in the control, p-value 0.029. These assessments open new avenues for generating SaNPs and alternating magnetic field application as a potential novel therapeutic modality for metastatic cancer patients.

scholarly journals Diagnostic significance of clinical and para-clinical signs of community-acquired pneumonia in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-249
Author(s):  
V.Yu. Pasik
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Statistical Hypothesis ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Gallbladder Dyskinesia

Annotation. Respiratory diseases are relevant in pediatric practice, which is associated with its widespread and frequent complications, especially in young children. The aim of the study was to assess the diagnostic value of clinical symptoms, laboratory and ultra-sonographic parameters in pneumonia in children of the first 3 years of life. A retrospective study of medical records of 218 children who were hospitalized in the department for young children diagnosed with pneumonia for the period from 2016 to 2018. The average age of children was 11.67±9.97 months and it was within the range from 1 month to 3 years. The ration of boys and girls was practically identical (51.8% and 48.2% accordingly). The first group included children aged under one year (the average age is 4.57±0.84 months; n=88). The second group included children aged from 1 to 3 years (the average age is 18.2±4.25 months; n=130). To characterize the information content of clinical and laboratory symptoms the study has used objective parameters defined as the operational characteristics of tests. The most important operational characteristics of diagnostic methods included: sensitivity (Se, sensitivity) and specificity (Sp, specificity). To check the statistical hypothesis on differences of absolute and relative frequencies, fractions, and ratios in two independent samples, the criteria of хі-square (χ2) was used. While detailing an anamnesis, the disease was more often related to untimely treatment and outpatient care. Various data were obtained on the absolute and relative risk, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the localization of pneumonia depending on age. Therefore, the incidence of bilateral pneumonia was considered an indicator of risk. On admission to hospital, the body temperature of patients was 38.2±0.66°С. Most of the complaints were on the unproductive or productive cough. Besides, in some cases, shortness of breath and runny nose were mentioned. Thus, in young children with pneumonia, a diagnostically significant clinical symptom is a bilateral lung impression (82.6%), compared with right-handed (15.1%) and left-handed (2.3%), which is significantly more common in children under 1-th year of life compared with patients 1–3 years; laboratory features are probably higher levels of liver-specific enzymes – ALT and AST in children under 1 year; ultrasonographic indicators associated with the presence of pneumonia in young children include increased liver size, gallbladder deformity, the presence of sediment in the gallbladder, dyskinesia of the biliary tract, thickening of the gallbladder wall; children under 1 year of age have a risk of liver enlargement and biliary dyskinesia.

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