Sex and seasonal differences in metabolism in the red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2362-2368 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Crews ◽  
Mark Grassman ◽  
William R. Garstka ◽  
Andrew Halpert ◽  
Brian Camazine
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis ◽  
Reproductive Behaviors ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis Parietalis ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Laboratory Populations

Field and laboratory studies revealed that male and female Canadian red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, differ in the pattern of body mass gain, nutrient storage, and nutrient availability following emergence from hibernation. In nature males fail to gain weight or store fat until 3 weeks after emergence from prolonged (7 months) winter hibernation. In the laboratory males also do not exhibit an increase in body mass following emergence from artificial hibernation (17 weeks) until mating behavior has ended, about 3 weeks after emergence; as in free-living males, fat stores do not increase until all mating behavior has ceased. In contrast, females in both field and laboratory populations gain weight steadily following emergence but exhibit a gradual decrease in the proportion of abdominal fat reserves to body mass. While females exhibit increased serum levels of protein, unchanged levels of glucose, and decreased levels of lipid, males exhibit unchanged levels of protein, increased levels of glucose, and decreased levels of lipid. Males display a greater resting oxygen consumption postemergence compared with females. Oxygen consumption was decreased in both sexes during the period coinciding with mating; at the end of breeding, oxygen consumption increased. These data are consistent with the marked differences in reproductive behaviors between the sexes following emergence from hibernation.

Regulation of Seasonal Mating Behavior in Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis

Copeia ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 1974 (3) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Aleksiuk ◽  
Patrick T. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis Parietalis

scholarly journals Administration of 3,5‐diiodothyronine (3,5‐T2) causes central hypothyroidism and stimulates thyroid‐sensitive tissues

2014 ◽  
Vol 221 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Souto Padron ◽  
Ruy Andrade Louzada Neto ◽  
Thiago Urgal Pantaleão ◽  
Maria Carolina de Souza dos Santos ◽  
Renata Lopes Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Iodide Uptake ◽  
Central Hypothyroidism ◽  
Iodothyronine Deiodinase ◽  
Nadph Oxidase 4 ◽  
Body Mass Gain

In general, 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) increases the resting metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, exerting short-term beneficial metabolic effects on rats subjected to a high-fat diet. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of chronic 3,5-T2 administration on the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis, body mass gain, adipose tissue mass, and body oxygen consumption in Wistar rats from 3 to 6 months of age. The rats were treated daily with 3,5-T2 (25, 50, or 75 μg/100 g body weight, s.c.) for 90 days between the ages of 3 and 6 months. The administration of 3,5-T2 suppressed thyroid function, reducing not only thyroid iodide uptake but also thyroperoxidase, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and thyroid type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase (D1 (DIO1)) activities and expression levels, whereas the expression of the TSH receptor and dual oxidase (DUOX) were increased. Serum TSH, 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine, and thyroxine were reduced in a 3,5-T2 dose-dependent manner, whereas oxygen consumption increased in these animals, indicating the direct action of 3,5-T2 on this physiological variable. Type 2 deiodinase activity increased in both the hypothalamus and the pituitary, and D1 activities in the liver and kidney were also increased in groups treated with 3,5-T2. Moreover, after 3 months of 3,5-T2 administration, body mass and retroperitoneal fat pad mass were significantly reduced, whereas the heart rate and mass were unchanged. Thus, 3,5-T2 acts as a direct stimulator of energy expenditure and reduces body mass gain; however, TSH suppression may develop secondary to 3,5-T2 administration.

Control of length of the courtship season in the red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis: the role of temperature

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 987-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph W. Krohmer ◽  
David Crews
Keyword(s):  
Courtship Behavior ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis ◽  
Garter Snakes ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis Parietalis ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The influence of temperature on the length and intensity of the courtship season was examined in both field and laboratory populations of red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) over a 2-year period. Snakes were exposed to fluctuations in temperature following emergence from hibernation and activation of courtship behavior. In the field, males were exposed to four temperature regimens: extended hibernation (0L:24D, 4 ± 1.5 °C), cool (14L:10D, 12 ± 2.3° C), warm (14L:10D, 28 °C:ambient), or control (ambient temperatures and light). Control animals exhibited courtship behavior fluctuating in intensity with daily ambient temperatures. Animals exhibited high intensity courtship behavior when exposed to warm conditions following emergence from either natural hibernation or a secondary period of laboratory hibernation. Animals placed in the cool regimen were active but exhibited very little courtship behavior. Animals maintained under the cool regimen for 14 days did not initiate courtship behavior when placed in the warm regimen. Studies conducted in the laboratory support the field results. However, whereas animals maintained under the cool regimen for 14 days and then placed in the warm regimen exhibited dramatically reduced courtship behavior, animals placed in the warm regimen after 21 days under the cool regimen initiated courtship of normal intensity and duration. Following the end of all courtship behavior, males exposed to conditions of hibernation for a brief period reinitiated courtship behavior. These data suggest that the areas of the central nervous system critical for the perception of temperature fluctuations and initiation of courtship behavior remained sensitive in late spring. Following the end of the courtship season, females exposed to a brief period of hibernation also reinstated courtship behavior in noncourting males. These data suggest that the length of the courtship season ultimately may be controlled by the presence of attractive females.

Thermal regulation of spring mating behavior in the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 768-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander W. L. Hawley ◽  
Michael Aleksiuk
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis ◽  
Thermal Threshold ◽  
Thermal Thresholds ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis Parietalis ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Thermal Induction

Exposure of Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis to elevated temperatures immediately after emergence from hibernation induced intense mating behavior. The thermal threshold for courtship varied widely among individuals, and ranged from below 5 °C to between 20° and 25 °C. The lowest temperature at which copulation occurred was 10 °C. Both courtship and copulation increased with increasing temperature, and reached maximal levels at 25° and 30 °C respectively. The existence of low thermal thresholds for mating behavior and the marked stimulating effect of temperature on mating behavior explain the rapid onset of courtship and copulation after emergence from hibernation. A possible mechanism for thermal induction of mating behavior is discussed.

Photoperiod effects on body mass, body composition, growth hormone, and thyroid hormones in male collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus)

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 1726-1734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim R. Nagy ◽  
Barbara A. Gower ◽  
Milton H. Stetson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Short Photoperiod ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Dicrostonyx Groenlandicus

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of photoperiod on serum levels of growth hormone (GH) and thyroid hormones (TH), body mass, and body composition in collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus). Collared lemmings undergo seasonal changes in body mass and body composition, being heavier, but relatively less fat, during the winter months. These physiological changes can be induced in the laboratory by exposure to short photoperiod. The present study tests the hypothesis that photoperiod-mediated changes in GH and TH occur simultaneously with, and therefore may regulate or be permissive to, changes in body mass and body composition. Juvenile (19 d of age) or adult (50 d of age) male collared lemmings reared in long photoperiod (LD), 22 h light (L): 2 h dark (D), either remained in LD or were transferred to short photoperiod (SD), 8 h L: 16 h D. After 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks (juveniles) or 1 and 3 weeks (adults) of treatment, animals were sacrificed. Serum levels of GH, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine were determined. Carcasses were weighed and analyzed for absolute and relative (analysis of covariance) fat-free dry mass, fat, and water. Exposure to SD resulted in an increase in GH, a decrease in TH, an increase in body mass (due to an absolute increase in all body components), a relative decrease in fat mass, and a relative increase in body water. Results are compatible with the hypothesis that a SD-mediated increase in GH is involved in the greater body mass gain observed in SD animals. Decreases in TH resulting from SD exposure, if associated with a decrease in heat production, may be permissive to mass gain.

Determinants and modeling of specific dynamic action for the Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)

2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (8) ◽  
pp. 808-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott M. Bessler ◽  
Mary C. Stubblefield ◽  
G. R. Ultsch ◽  
Stephen M. Secor
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Specific Dynamic Action ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Garter Snake ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis ◽  
Dynamic Action ◽  
The Common

Specific dynamic action (SDA), the cumulative energy expended on digestion and assimilation, can contribute significantly to individual daily energy expenditure (DEE). The Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis (L., 1758)) is a widely distributed generalist predator that could experience considerable variation in SDA and hence the contribution of SDA to DEE. We examined the effects of meal size, meal type, and body temperature on the postprandial metabolic response and SDA of the Eastern Garter Snake ( Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (L., 1758)) and generated predictive models of SDA based on meal size, body mass, and body temperature, and separately based on meal energy. Postprandial peak in oxygen consumption, duration of significantly elevated oxygen consumption, and SDA increased with increasing meal size (5%–45% of body mass). Postprandial metabolic response digesting six different equal-size prey items varied significantly; vertebrate prey generated larger SDA responses than soft-bodied invertebrates. Increases in experimental temperature (15–35 °C) yielded a matched increase in postprandial peak in oxygen consumption and decrease in digestive duration. For a 1-month hypothetical feeding history for an adult T. sirtalis, the cumulative predicted SDA varied by 4.5% among the three models (minimal, intermediate, and maximal intake of prey) and averaged 8%, 22%, and 38% of DEE, respectively.

scholarly journals Zumba®, Fat Mass and Maximum Oxygen Consumption: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Manuel Chavarrias ◽  
Santos Villafaina ◽  
Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez ◽  
Jorge Carlos-Vivas ◽  
Eugenio Merellano-Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Mass Percentage ◽  
Large Heterogeneity

Background and objectives: Obesity or overweight is associated with many health risk factors and preventable mortality. Even people with normal weight and without history of obesity or overweight should avoid weight gain to reduce health risks factors. In this regard Latin aerobic dances involved in Zumba® practice make this modality motivating for people. Apart from weight loss and VO2peak benefits, Zumba practice is also interesting by the increase in adherence which can also avoid weight regain. The aim was to systematically review the scientific literature about the effects of any randomized intervention of Zumba® practice on total fat mass (%) and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak), besides establishing directions for the clinical practice. Evidence acquisition: Two systematic searches were conducted in two electronic databases following the PRISMA guidelines. The eligibility criteria were (a) outcomes: body mass or VO2peak data including mean and standard deviation (SD) before and after Zumba® intervention, (b) study design: randomized controlled trial (RCT) and (c) language: English. GRADE guidelines were used to assess the quality of evidence. A meta-analysis was performed to determine mean differences. Nine and four studies were selected for fat mass percentage and VO2peak in the systematic review, respectively. However, only eight studies for fat mass percentage and three for VO2peak could be included in the meta-analysis. Evidence synthesis: The overall standardized mean difference for fat mass was −0.25 with a 95% CI from −0.67 to 0.16 with a p-value of 0.69, with large heterogeneity. On the other hand, the overall effect size for VO2peak was 0.53 (95% CI from 0.04 to 1.02 with a p-value of 0.03) with large heterogeneity. Conclusions: Based on the evidence, we cannot conclude that Zumba® is effective at reducing body mass but it may improve VO2peak. However, the limited number of studies that met the inclusion criteria makes it too early to reach a definite conclusion, so more research is needed.

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