Hydrodynamic drag of two frog species: Hymenochirus boettgeri and Rana pipiens

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1085-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianna M. Gal ◽  
R. W. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Flow Visualization ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydrodynamic Drag ◽  
Subtraction Method ◽  
Flat Plates ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Hymenochirus Boettgeri ◽  
Visualization Experiments

Drag of the aquatic frog Hymenochirus boettgeri was investigated by a series of drop-tank and flow visualization experiments. The maximum drag coefficient (CD) of the body and hind limbs was 0.24–0.11, for a Reynolds number (Re) of 1500–8000. Results of the flow visualization experiment support the CD values obtained for the body and hind limbs of H. boettgeri. CD similarly measured for Rana pipiens was 0.060–0.050, for a Re range of 16 600 – 40 400. A comparison of CD under dynamically similar conditions suggests that jumping may not compromise swimming performance in these two species. CD for the foot of H. boettgeri was examined by three methods: drop-tank experiments with isolated frog's feet and with isolated acetate model feet, and a subtraction method. CD for the isolated foot was 2.5–1.6 for 100 < Re < 700. Results were similar to those obtained with isolated model feet, where 1.8 > CD > 1.2 for 300 < Re < 1300. The subtraction method gave similar results to those obtained from drop-tank experiments with isolated model and real feet, within the Re range of 300–3000. The results of all three methods and flow visualization experiments support the assumption that animal paddles can be treated as three-dimensional flat plates, oriented normal to the direction of flow.

Measurements of turbulent crossflow separation created by a curved body of revolution

2007 ◽  
Vol 589 ◽  
pp. 353-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. GREGORY ◽  
P. N. JOUBERT ◽  
M. S. CHONG
Keyword(s):  
Flow Visualization ◽  
Skin Friction ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Separated Flow ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Of Revolution ◽  
Outer Flow ◽  
Friction Measurements ◽  
Surface Flow Visualization

Using the method pioneered by Gurzhienko (1934), the crossflow separation produced by a body of revolution in a steady turn is examined using a stationary deformed body placed in a wind tunnel. The body of revolution was deformed about a radius equal to three times the body's length. Surface pressure and skin-friction measurements revealed regions of separated flow occurring over the rear of the model. Extensive surface flow visualization showed the presence of separated flow bounded by a separation and reattachment line. This region of separated flow began just beyond the midpoint of the length of the body, which was consistent with the skin-friction data. Extensive turbulence measurements were performed at four cross-sections through the wake including two stations located beyond the length of the model. These measurements revealed the location of the off-body vortex, the levels of turbulent kinetic energy within the shear layer producing the off-body vorticity and the large values of 〈uw〉 stress within the wake. Velocity spectra measurements taken at several points in the wake show evidence of the inertial sublayer. Finally, surface flow topologies and outer-flow topologies are suggested based on the results of the surface flow visualization.

The Role of the ‘Walking Legs’ in Aquatic and Terrestrial Locomotion of the Crayfish Austropotamobius Pallipes (Lereboullet)

1975 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAROLINE M. POND
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Hydrodynamic Drag ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Austropotamobius Pallipes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Pair

1. The hydrodynamic drag acting on the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes is measured and it is concluded that, in the range of velocities used in walking, the drag is independent of the posture of the limbs and the direction of motion of the body. At swimming velocities the streamlining caused by promotion of the legs reduces the drag losses to half that of a crayfish moving in the forwards walking posture at the same speed. 2. The forwards walking of intact crayfish is compared with that of the same animal after amputation of one or more pairs of legs. It is concluded that the third and fourth pair of legs provide most of the propulsion under water and the second pair is not essential to locomotion under any of the conditions tried.

Hydrodynamic drag in steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (12) ◽  
pp. 1915-1923 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.L. Stelle ◽  
R.W. Blake ◽  
A.W. Trites
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Cost ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydrodynamic Drag ◽  
Eumetopias Jubatus ◽  
Steller Sea Lions ◽  
California Sea Lions ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Sea Lions ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
The Individual

Drag forces acting on Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) were investigated from ‘deceleration during glide’ measurements. A total of 66 glides from six juvenile sea lions yielded a mean drag coefficient (referenced to total wetted surface area) of 0.0056 at a mean Reynolds number of 5.5×10(6). The drag values indicate that the boundary layer is largely turbulent for Steller sea lions swimming at these Reynolds numbers, which are past the point of expected transition from laminar to turbulent flow. The position of maximum thickness (at 34 % of the body length measured from the tip of the nose) was more anterior than for a ‘laminar’ profile, supporting the idea that there is little laminar flow. The Steller sea lions in our study were characterized by a mean fineness ratio of 5.55. Their streamlined shape helps to delay flow separation, reducing total drag. In addition, turbulent boundary layers are more stable than laminar ones. Thus, separation should occur further back on the animal. Steller sea lions are the largest of the otariids and swam faster than the smaller California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). The mean glide velocity of the individual Steller sea lions ranged from 2.9 to 3.4 m s(−)(1) or 1.2-1.5 body lengths s(−)(1). These length-specific speeds are close to the optimum swim velocity of 1.4 body lengths s(−)(1) based on the minimum cost of transport for California sea lions.

First remingtonocetid archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the middle Eocene of Egypt with implications for biogeography and locomotion in early cetacean evolution

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 882-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan M. Bebej ◽  
Iyad S. Zalmout ◽  
Ahmed A. Abed El-Aziz ◽  
Mohammed Sameh M. Antar ◽  
Philip D. Gingerich
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
The Body ◽  
Power Stroke ◽  
Tethys Sea ◽  
Vertebral Centra ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Caudal Vertebrae ◽  
Southern Tethys

AbstractRemingtonocetidae are Eocene archaeocetes that represent a unique experiment in cetacean evolution. They possess long narrow skulls, long necks, fused sacra, and robust hind limbs. Previously described remingtonocetids are known from middle Eocene Lutetian strata in Pakistan and India. Here we describe a new remingtonocetid, Rayanistes afer, n. gen. n. sp., recovered from a middle to late Lutetian interval of the Midawara Formation in Egypt. The holotype preserves a sacrum with four vertebral centra; several lumbar and caudal vertebrae; an innominate with a complete ilium, ischium, and acetabulum; and a nearly complete femur. The ilium and ischium of Rayanistes are bladelike, rising sharply from the body of the innominate anterior and posterior to the acetabulum, and the acetabular notch is narrow. These features are diagnostic of Remingtonocetidae, but their development also shows that Rayanistes had a specialized mode of locomotion. The expanded ischium is larger than that of any other archaeocete, supporting musculature for powerful retraction of the hind limbs during swimming. Posteriorly angled neural spines on lumbar vertebrae and other features indicate increased passive flexibility of the lumbus. Rayanistes probably used its enhanced lumbar flexibility to increase the length of the power stroke during pelvic paddling. Recovery of a remingtonocetid in Egypt broadens the distribution of Remingtonocetidae and shows that protocetids were not the only semiaquatic archaeocetes capable of dispersal across the southern Tethys Sea.

Three-dimensional surfactant-covered flows of thin liquid films on rotating cylinders

2018 ◽  
Vol 844 ◽  
pp. 61-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihua Li ◽  
Satish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Flow Visualization ◽  
Evolution Equations ◽  
Thin Liquid Film ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Liquid Films ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Rotation Rates ◽  
Visualization Experiments

The coating of discrete objects is an important but poorly understood step in the manufacturing of a broad variety of products. An important model problem is the flow of a thin liquid film on a rotating cylinder, where instabilities can arise and compromise coating uniformity. In this work, we use lubrication theory and flow visualization experiments to study the influence of surfactant on these flows. Two coupled evolution equations describing the variation of film thickness and concentration of insoluble surfactant as a function of time, the angular coordinate and the axial coordinate are solved numerically. The results show that surface-tension forces arising from both axial and angular variations in the angular curvature drive flows in the axial direction that tend to smooth out free-surface perturbations and lead to a stable speed window in which axial perturbations do not grow. The presence of surfactant leads to Marangoni stresses that can cause the stable speed window to disappear by driving flow that opposes the stabilizing flow. In addition, Marangoni stresses tend to reduce the spacing between droplets that form at low rotation rates, and reduce the growth rate of rings that form at high rotation rates. Flow visualization experiments yield observations that are qualitatively consistent with predictions from linear stability analysis and the simulation results. The visualizations also indicate that surfactants tend to suppress dripping, slow the development of free-surface perturbations, and reduce the shifting and merging of rings and droplets, allowing more time for solidifying coatings in practical applications.

THE EFFICACY OF DEXTRANS OF DIFFERENT MOLECULAR WEIGHTS IN SHOCK SECONDARY TO LIMB CLAMPING

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 553-561
Author(s):  
Lorraine C. Smith ◽  
R. E. Haist
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Viscosity ◽  
Fluid Therapy ◽  
Traumatic Shock ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plasma Expander ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Removal Of Metal ◽  
Plasma Expanders

A degree of traumatic shock was produced in rats by the removal of metal clamps which had been applied to both hind limbs for a period of 10 hr. This was lethal within 24 hr. to all animals not receiving fluid therapy. The infusion of plasma expanders delayed or prevented the development of irreversible shock. All fluid therapy relieved the oliguria produced by the shock although this relief generally occurred 24 hr. after the release of the clamps. The plasma expander which best promoted survival was the Connaught dextran 13-1, a solution with an intrinsic viscosity of 0.34 (mean mol. wt. 150,000). Survival with the dextran solutions was increased with increasing molecular weights of the dextrans. This seemed to be related to the retention of the larger molecules for a longer period of time within the body.

scholarly journals The rising cost of warming waters: effects of temperature on the cost of swimming in fishes

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Hein ◽  
Katrina J. Keirsted
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
The Cost

Understanding the effects of water temperature on the swimming performance of fishes is central in understanding how fish species will respond to global climate change. Metabolic cost of transport (COT)—a measure of the energy required to swim a given distance—is a key performance parameter linked to many aspects of fish life history. We develop a quantitative model to predict the effect of water temperature on COT. The model facilitates comparisons among species that differ in body size by incorporating the body mass-dependence of COT. Data from 22 fish species support the temperature and mass dependencies of COT predicted by our model, and demonstrate that modest differences in water temperature can result in substantial differences in the energetic cost of swimming.

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