The Role of the ‘Walking Legs’ in Aquatic and Terrestrial Locomotion of the Crayfish Austropotamobius Pallipes (Lereboullet)

1975 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAROLINE M. POND
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Hydrodynamic Drag ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Austropotamobius Pallipes ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fourth Pair

1. The hydrodynamic drag acting on the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes is measured and it is concluded that, in the range of velocities used in walking, the drag is independent of the posture of the limbs and the direction of motion of the body. At swimming velocities the streamlining caused by promotion of the legs reduces the drag losses to half that of a crayfish moving in the forwards walking posture at the same speed. 2. The forwards walking of intact crayfish is compared with that of the same animal after amputation of one or more pairs of legs. It is concluded that the third and fourth pair of legs provide most of the propulsion under water and the second pair is not essential to locomotion under any of the conditions tried.

Kinematic and Electromyographic Analysis of the functional role of the body axis during Terrestrial and Aquatic Locomotion in the Salamander Ambystoma Tigrinum

1992 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
LARRY M. FROLICH ◽  
ANDREW A. BIEWENER
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ambystoma Tigrinum ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Aquatic Locomotion ◽  
Wave Patterns ◽  
Axial Morphology ◽  
Electromyographic Analysis

Aquatic neotenic and terrestrial metamorphosed salamanders {Ambystoma tigrinum) were videotaped simultaneously with electromyographic (EMG) recording from five epaxial myotomes along the animal's trunk during swimming in a flow tank and trotting on a treadmill to investigate axial function during aquatic and terrestrial locomotion. Neotenic and metamorphosed individuals swim using very similar axial wave patterns, despite significant differences in axial morphology. During swimming, both forms exhibit traveling waves of axial flexion and muscle activity, with an increasing EMG-mechanical delay as these waves travel down the trunk. In contrast to swimming, during trotting metamorphosed individuals exhibit a standing wave of axial flexion produced by synchronous activation of ipsilateral epaxial myotomes along the trunk. Thus, metamorphosed individuals employ two distinct axial motor programs -- one used during swimming and one used during trotting. The transition from a traveling axial wave during swimming to a standing axial wave during trotting in A. tigrinum may be an appropriate analogy for similar transitions in axial locomotor function during theoriginal evolution of terrestriality in early tetrapods.

scholarly journals Boxfish swimming paradox resolved: forces by the flow of water around the body promote manoeuvrability

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (103) ◽  
pp. 20141146 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Van Wassenbergh ◽  
K. van Manen ◽  
T. A. Marcroft ◽  
M. E. Alfaro ◽  
E. J. Stamhuis
Keyword(s):  
Drag Reduction ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydrodynamic Drag ◽  
Aerodynamic Design ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

The shape of the carapace protecting the body of boxfishes has been attributed an important hydrodynamic role in drag reduction and in providing automatic, flow-direction realignment and is therefore used in bioinspired design of cars. However, tight swimming-course stabilization is paradoxical given the frequent, high-performance manoeuvring that boxfishes display in their spatially complex, coral reef territories. Here, by performing flow-tank measurements of hydrodynamic drag and yaw moments together with computational fluid dynamics simulations, we reverse several assumptions about the hydrodynamic role of the boxfish carapace. Firstly, despite serving as a model system in aerodynamic design, drag-reduction performance was relatively low compared with more generalized fish morphologies. Secondly, the current theory of course stabilization owing to flow over the boxfish carapace was rejected, as destabilizing moments were found consistently. This solves the boxfish swimming paradox: destabilizing moments enhance manoeuvrability, which is in accordance with the ecological demands for efficient turning and tilting.

scholarly journals Zasady ogólne dotyczące praktyk pokutnych na podstawie Libri poenitentiales

Vox Patrum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 225-240
Author(s):  
Michał Kieling
Keyword(s):  
Internal Conversion ◽  
Spiritual Health ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Spiritual Therapy

The article discusses the most important premises which deal with Christian penance from the VI to the XI century. The main sources for the above article are the Penitential Books (Libri Poenitentiales), published as part of the series of Źródła Myśli Teologicznej (ŻMT 58), collected and edited by A. Baron and H. Pietras in 2011. The article consists of three parts. The first part examines the meaning of penance in the life of Christians as a medicine for sin which is an illness of the soul and the body. The second part presents the teaching of peniten­tials on the twelve ways of absolving from sins. The third part provides practical suggestions for confessors and penitents. The Penitential Books, as a witness to the development of penitential practices, confirm the role of individual spiritual therapy in the life of the Christian. This process of regaining of one’s spiritual health takes place, on one hand, through the grace of God’s Mercy, and, on the other hand, through penitential practices whose aim was internal conversion and outward change in one’s way of life.

scholarly journals Affect[ing] Bodies

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirkko Markula
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Critical Pedagogy ◽  
Public Intellectual ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Third ◽  
Performative Pedagogy ◽  
Body Practices

This paper argues for a performative methodology that uses body's affect to create change in the current subjectivation to femininity. It locates this discussion into a context of fitness instruction to explore how a researcher can assume a role of a public intellectual through performative pedagogy. It is divided into four parts. The first part examines how critical pedagogy has been utilized previously within physical cultural studies to find ways to further understand how physical activity can be used for purposes of social change. The second part focuses on how physical education can inform critical body practices. The third part aims to link this discussion with feminist readings of critical pedagogy to further understand how femininity can be linked with practices of fitness instruction. It also introduces Deleuze's concept of affect. The final part discusses the implications of this literature for creating a performative pedagogy of the body through fitness instruction.

scholarly journals AVICENNA ON ANIMAL SELF-AWARENESS, COGNITION AND IDENTITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-96
Author(s):  
Ahmed Alwishah
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
Individual Identity ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Perceptual Awareness ◽  
The Third ◽  
External Objects ◽  
Do So

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive and systematic study of Avicenna's account of animal self-awareness and cognition. In the first part, I explain how, for Avicenna, in contrast to human self-awareness, animal self-awareness is taken to be indirect, mixed-up (makhlūṭ), and an intermittent awareness. In his view, animal self-awareness is provided by the faculty of estimation (wahm); hence, in the second part, I explore the cognitive role of the faculty of estimation in animals, and how that relates to self-awareness. The faculty of estimation, according to Avicenna, serves to distinguish one's body and its parts from external objects, and plays a role in connecting the self to its perceptual activities. It follows that animal self-awareness, unlike human self-awareness, is essentially connected to the body. In the third part of the paper, I show that, while Avicenna denies animals awareness of their self-awareness, he explicitly affirms that animals can grasp their individual identity, but, unlike humans, do so incidentally, as part of their perceptual awareness.

The Robe of Corporeality: Sensual Aspects of Medieval Representations of Crucified Christ in the Tunica Manicata

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-50
Author(s):  
Ika Matyjaszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medieval Art ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mural Paintings ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Gregorian Reform ◽  
Ambiguous Position ◽  
Volto Santo

This paper explores the iconography of the Volto Santo – a crucifix worshiped at the cathedral of Lucca, Italy, and the reception of this iconographic type in the medieval art. The aim is to investigate the role of robes covering the body of crucified Christ in the scenes of the Passion. First of all, the origins and meaning of different Christ’s garments are discussed in relation to the debates on the nature of Christ and around the Eucharist. Still, as the Volto Santo is usually dated to the 12th century and it presents Christ in the tunica manicata with the cingulum, which can be identified as a clerical costume, the meaning of Christ’s garments in the context of the Gregorian Reform, celibacy, and the concept of the third gender is also presented. Afterwards the practices of dressing the Volto Santo in the ceremonial vestments as a manifestation of its worship are analyzed. These vestments along with the altar, where the Volto Santo was presented to the faithful, are the most important elements of the iconography of the representations of the Volto Santo in the mural paintings. What draws attention in these images is the ambiguous position of Christ nailed to the cross and standing on the altar at the same time. That produces ambivalent sensual experience: the impression of uncourting Christ turns into a recognition of the particular cult object and vice versa. Moreover, the robe covering the body contributes to a fluid gender identity of the figure. It may be concluded that the robes of the crucified Christ play several roles: they cover the suffered body, they are an attribute of the ruler or priest, but above all, they manifest Christ’s corporality. The faithful confronted with these images found his or her somatic identity with Christ.

scholarly journals Choreographic and Spatial Layers in Jasmina Cibic's Screendance The Pavilion

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-51
Author(s):  
Sonja Jankov
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Spatial Reference ◽  
The Third ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Architectural Model ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Josephine Baker

The paper is a case study of Jasmina Cibic's film The Pavilion (2015) in relation to the theory of screendance. The first part of the paper discusses the definitions of the term screendance by various researchers, and its position to related terms choreocinema, cine-dance, dance cinema, dance for the camera, dance on screen, dancefilm, and video dance. The second part of the paper is a close analysis of the film, synchronously focused on three key aspects: the choreography of the five female performers, the cinematic techniques, and the narration. The third part of the paper examines the role of the dancer Josephine Baker, to whom the film makes a reference. The paper concludes that the central choreography in the film is not that of the five female performers, but actually of the model of the pavilion which they animate. The choreography of the architectural model and the spatial reference to the body of Josephine Baker are as important semantic layers of the film as the choreography of the five performers.

79th Annual Meeting of the Saratov Physics and Medicine Society

1930 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-222
Author(s):  
Editorial Board
Keyword(s):  
Internal Medicine ◽  
Annual Meeting ◽  
The Body ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
The Third ◽  
Medical Institutions

The annual meeting of the Island took place on January 9, 1930 under the chairmanship of prof. N.E. Kusheva. The first speech was delivered by Assoc. Sarat. of GA Lapidus University on the topic: Philosophy and Medicine. The second speech was delivered by Dr. II. I. Lintvarev: The role of hemoglobin in the body. The third report was made by Prof. N. Ye. Kushev: The fate of the Saratov medical institutions. The speaker stated the crisis of medical organizations in Saratov in recent years, which resulted in low attendance at meetings, a small number of Even societies such as the Surgical Society and the Society of Internal Medicine and Pathology, which used to gather a huge number of members, visitors and students, now barely have a quorum.

Being Alive in Descartes' Physiology: Animals and Plants, the Immutatio and the Impetus

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-94
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Baldassarri
Keyword(s):  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Rene Descartes ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Third ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Mechanical Explanation ◽  
René Descartes ◽  
Medical Note

In René Descartes' works there are four major references to living bodies as objects of his natural philosophy. The first is contained in the Fifth part of the Discours de la Méthode, published in June 1637, where Descartes provides a mechanical explanation of the heartbeat and other living functions of the body. The second is in a bio-medical note collected in the Excerpta anatomica dated November 1637, where he discusses nutrition and growth. The third is the famous claim on the absence of a section on living bodies in the Principia philosophiae, published in 1644. The fourth is in La Description du corps humain, Descartes' late physiology likely dated 1647-1648. In this article, by exploring these passages and contextualizing his physiological observations of animals and plants, I reassemble Descartes' science of life: his dismissal of soul, his mechanical framework, his interpretation of bodily self-maintenance and growth, his understanding of living bodies as integrated and organic systems, and the role of a power such as the immutatio and forces such as the impetus.

The Role of Polyphenols in the Modulation of Plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC)

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Serafini ◽  
Giuseppa Morabito
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Dietary polyphenols have been shown to scavenge free radicals, modulating cellular redox transcription factors in different in vitro and ex vivo models. Dietary intervention studies have shown that consumption of plant foods modulates plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC), a biomarker of the endogenous antioxidant network, in human subjects. However, the identification of the molecules responsible for this effect are yet to be obtained and evidences of an antioxidant in vivo action of polyphenols are conflicting. There is a clear discrepancy between polyphenols (PP) concentration in body fluids and the extent of increase of plasma NEAC. The low degree of absorption and the extensive metabolism of PP within the body have raised questions about their contribution to the endogenous antioxidant network. This work will discuss the role of polyphenols from galenic preparation, food extracts, and selected dietary sources as modulators of plasma NEAC in humans.

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