Temperature, oxygen, photoperiod, and the hemoglobin system of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1883-1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nini Tun ◽  
A. H. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
System Organization ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Increased Temperature

Blood O2-carrying capacity and hemoglobin system organization were examined in rainbow trout acclimatized to eight combinations of two treatment levels of three variables: temperature (5, 20 °C), O2 availability (≤ 30%, ≥ 75% saturation), and photoperiod (16L:8D, 8L:16D). Increases in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and individual hemoglobin isomorph abundances were associated with hypoxia, shortened day length, and increased temperature. Under nominal "summer" conditions (20 °C, hypoxia, 16L:8D) photoperiod influence was apparently masked by hypoxic and thermal effects, with the converse being true under "winter" circumstances (5 °C, normoxia, 8L: 16D). The complex, 12-membered hemoglobin system provided some evidence of differential isomorph formation during the acclimatization process. Cellular involvements remain unclear.

Hematological Aspects of the Thermoacclimatory Process in the Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2267-2281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Anne DeWilde ◽  
A. H. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
General Problem ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Hemoglobin Content ◽  
Oxygen Capacity ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity

The blood oxygen capacity of the rainbow trout has been investigated as a function of thermal acclimation in terms of erythrocyte abundance, packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentrations, and mean erythrocytic volume and hemoglobin content. Fish at the lower acclimation temperatures employed (3, 7 C) were characterized by relatively low erythrocyte counts, hematocrits, and hemoglobin levels. Mean erythrocyte volumes tended to be relatively high, whereas mean erythrocytic hemoglobin content was somewhat below that typical of the higher temperature groups. In general, animals held at intermediate temperatures (11, 14, 17 C) showed significant increases in oxygen-carrying capacity by comparison with cold-acclimated fish. Finally trout at 21 C typically had larger numbers of somewhat smaller red cells, more hemoglobin, and higher levels of hemoglobin per erythrocyte than either the low- or intermediate-temperature fish. Significant differences were observed between summer and fall–winter series of trout, particularly with respect to hemoglobin levels. The results are discussed in relation to the general problem of respiratory thermoadaptation.

scholarly journals Migratory Behaviour of Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, in Outlet and Inlet Streams of Loon Lake, British Columbia

1962 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Northcote
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Outlet Stream ◽  
Downstream Movement

The marked differences in response to water current, exhibited by juvenile rainbow trout migrating into Loon Lake from its outlet and inlet streams, were studied both in the field and in experimental laboratory apparatus. All available evidence argued against genetically discrete outlet and inlet stocks, each maintaining different innate responses to water current. Difference in water temperature between streams was shown, in field and laboratory experiments, to regulate direction of juvenile trout migration through action on behaviour associated with downstream movement, maintenance of position and upstream movement.In laboratory experiments with cool (5 and 10 °C) flowing water, recently emerged fry rarely made contact with the stream bottom in darkness and exhibited much more downstream movement than in warm (> 14 °C) water. In cool streams of the Loon Lake system (daily mean consistently < 13 °C) large numbers of recently emerged fry moved downstream in darkness. Laboratory experiments indicated that combination of cool water (10 °C) and long day length (16 hours) induced downstream movement of fingerlings. In the field, fingerlings moved downstream largely in late spring and summer in cool streams of the Loon Lake system.In laboratory experiments with warm (15 and 20 °C) flowing water, recently emerged fry made frequent contact with the stream bottom in darkness and exhibited much less downstream movement than in cool (10 °C) water. In the warm outlet stream (daily mean in summer usually > 15 °C) recently emerged fry maintained position in darkness. Laboratory experiments suggested that short day length (8 hours) may facilitate maintenance of position exhibited by fingerlings in streams during late autumn and winter.Upstream movement of fry recorded in the field and tested in the laboratory was most pronounced in warm water (> 14 °C). Fingerlings subjected to rapid 5–degree (C) increases in water temperature in an experimental stream exhibited an immediate increase in upstream movement. Upstream movement in summer of large fry and fingerlings occurred only in the warm outlet stream; daily periodicity of upstream movement was positively correlated with sharp rises in water temperature.Evidence examined from four other widely separated stream systems indicated an environmental control of migration in juvenile rainbow trout similar to that demonstrated in the Loon Lake stream system. Possible mechanisms and interaction of factors controlling migratory patterns between and within streams are discussed. Significance of the predominant role played by temperature is considered.

Thermoacclimatory Variation in the Haemoglobin Systems of Goldfish (Carassius Auratus) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-461
Author(s):  
A. H. HOUSTON ◽  
D. CYR
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
Total Haemoglobin

Significant increases in total haemoglobin concentrations, and microhaematocrit values were associated with acclimation of rainbow trout and goldfish to increased temperature. Goldfish held at 2°C were characterized by two haemoglobin components, whereas those acclimated to 20° and 35°C exhibited three. Nine haemoglobin variants were observed in trout at 2°, 10° and 18°C. The data provide evidence that both species selectively alter the concentrations of specific haemoglobin fractions during the thermoacclimatory process.

The promotion of catecholamine release in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, by acute acidosis: interactions between red cell pH and haemoglobin oxygen-carrying capacity

1986 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-157
Author(s):  
R. G. Boutilier ◽  
G. K. Iwama ◽  
D. J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Adrenaline ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽  
Catecholamine Levels

A fall in blood pH was generated either by infusion of HCl or by reducing gill ventilation and raising blood PCO2 in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. The acute acidosis resulting from HCl infusion caused an increase in plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations, the adrenaline increase being proportional to the decrease in blood pH. Fish subjected to a prolonged respiratory acidosis, caused by a reduction in gill ventilation, showed no increase in catecholamines 24 h after the change in gill ventilation. We suggest that catecholamine levels increase in response to a pH decrease, but if acidotic conditions are maintained, circulating catecholamines return to low levels. There was a much smaller decrease in erythrocytic pH with a fall in plasma pH when catecholamine levels were high. This ameliorating effect of catecholamines on erythrocytic pH during a plasma acidosis maintains the oxygen-carrying capacity of the haemoglobin. If erythrocytic pH was decreased by increasing blood PCO2 in vitro, then there was a fall in haemoglobin oxygen-carrying capacity which was proportional to the reduction in pH. We conclude that catecholamines are released into the blood in proportion to the fall in blood pH but if the pH is maintained the circulating catecholamines return to their initial low levels. The elevated catecholamine concentrations in blood safeguard against any impairment of haemoglobin oxygen-carrying capacity by maintaining erythrocytic pH in the face of a plasma acidosis.

The effect of changes in blood oxygen-carrying capacity on ventilation volume in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1982 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
F. M. Smith ◽  
D. R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity

1. Changes in ventilation volume (Vg) of rainbow trout caused by hypercapnia, hypoxia and anaemia were measured directly by collection of expired water. 2. Exposure to hypercapnic water (PCO2 range 0.5-2 kPa) increased Vg (by up to four times) by augmenting ventilatory stroke volume; breathing frequency remained constant. O2 added to the inspired water in maintained hypercapnia reduced Vg at all but the highest level of PCO2. 3. Vg increased when blood oxygen content was decreased by exposure to normoxic hypercapnia, but addition of O2 to the water increased blood oxygen content and Vg decreased. 4. When blood oxygen-carrying capacity was depressed by hypoxia or anaemia, Vg increased as it did during normoxic hypercapnia. 5. We suggest that ventilatory responses to low levels of hypercapnia, to hyperoxic hypercapnia, to hypoxia, and to anaemia in trout are related to changes in levels of blood oxygen content under these conditions.

Carrying Capacity of an Enhanced Side-Channel for Rearing Salmonids

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1320-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Mundie ◽  
R. E. Traber
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Water Velocity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Side Channel ◽  
Biological Factors

Two attempts were made to establish the yield of steelhead smolts (sea-run rainbow trout) (Salmo gairdneri) from a seminatural side-channel and compare it to that of the parent river. In the first, 10 000 fry were introduced to the channel which was maintained at a discharge of 0.42 m3/s. The fry, however, were largely displaced by extraneous coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), appeared unable to withstand the water velocity in winter, and were greatly reduced by infection from Cryptobia. In the second trial discharge was 0.14 m3/s. The fry tolerated this. The yield (i.e. numbers) per unit area of steelhead smolts, of mean weight 14.5 g, was 31 times that of the river; in terms of biomass it was 10 times. Channel discharge was 2.6% of the river discharge. Physical and biological factors determining smolt yield from streams are considered.

Temperature Selection of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fingerlings in Vertical and Horizontal Gradients

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1801-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. McCauley ◽  
W. L. Pond
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Temperature Preference ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Horizontal Gradients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Preferred Temperatures ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Horizontal Temperature Gradients ◽  
Selection Of

Preferred temperatures of underyearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were determined in both vertical and horizontal temperature gradients. No statistically significant difference was found between the preferred temperatures by the two different methods. This suggests that the nature of the gradient plays a lesser role than generally believed in laboratory investigations of temperature preference.

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