Sibling recognition and olfactory sensitivity in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 921-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Quinn ◽  
Toshiaki J. Hara
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Olfactory Sensitivity ◽  
Secondary Role ◽  
Olfactory Sense ◽  
Sibling Recognition

Previous experiments indicated that juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) can distinguish the chemical traces of siblings from nonsiblings of their own population. The present study confirmed the finding that coho salmon use chemoreceptor systems to distinguish tankmate siblings from nonsiblings that they have not been reared with. However, salmon did not distinguish siblings from nonsiblings or maternal half-siblings if they had been reared together. Electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that the olfactory sense of young coho salmon can detect certain amino acids and a bile acid at concentrations of about 10−8 to 10−9 M. Additional tests suggest that bile acids are probably of primary importance in chemically characterizing conspecifics and amino acids play a secondary role.

Electrostatic and potential cation-π forces may guide the interaction of extracellular loop III with Na+ and bile acids for human apical Na+-dependent bile acid transporter

2008 ◽  
Vol 410 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antara Banerjee ◽  
Naissan Hussainzada ◽  
Akash Khandelwal ◽  
Peter W. Swaan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Extracellular Loop ◽  
Membrane Expression ◽  
Ligand Interaction ◽  
Bile Acid Transporter ◽  
Acid Transporter

The hASBT (human apical Na+-dependent bile acid transporter) constitutes a key target of anti-hypercholesterolaemic therapies and pro-drug approaches; physiologically, hASBT actively reclaims bile acids along the terminal ileum via Na+ co-transport. Previously, TM (transmembrane segment) 7 was identified as part of the putative substrate permeation pathway using SCAM (substitute cysteine accessibility mutagenesis). In the present study, SCAM was extended through EL3 (extracellular loop 3; residues Arg254–Val286) that leads into TM7 from the exofacial matrix. Activity of most EL3 mutants was significantly hampered upon cysteine substitution, whereas ten (out of 31) were functionally inactive (<10% activity). Since only E282C lacked plasma membrane expression, EL3 amino acids predominantly fulfill critical functional roles during transport. Oppositely charged membrane-impermeant MTS (methanethiosulfonate) reagents {MTSET [(2-trimethylammonium) ethyl MTS] and MTSES [(2-sulfonatoethyl) MTS]} produced mostly similar inhibition profiles wherein only middle and descending loop segments (residues Thr267–Val286) displayed significant MTS sensitivity. The presence of bile acid substrate significantly reduced the rates of MTS modification for all MTS-sensitive mutants, suggesting a functional association between EL3 residues and bile acids. Activity assessments at equilibrative [Na+] revealed numerous Na+-sensitive residues, possibly performing auxiliary functions during transport such as transduction of protein conformational changes during translocation. Integration of these data suggests ligand interaction points along EL3 via electrostatic interactions with Arg256, Glu261 and probably Glu282 and a potential cation-π interaction with Phe278. We conclude that EL3 amino acids are essential for hASBT activity, probably as primary substrate interaction points using long-range electrostatic attractive forces.

scholarly journals Cultivation of Spore-Forming Gut Microbes Using a Combination of Bile Acids and Amino Acids

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1651
Author(s):  
Sakura Onizuka ◽  
Masaru Tanaka ◽  
Riko Mishima ◽  
Jiro Nakayama
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
New Species ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gut Microbes ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units

Spores of certain species belonging to Firmicutes are efficiently germinated by nutrient germinators, such as amino acids, in addition to bile acid. We attempted to culture difficult-to-culture or yet-to-be cultured spore-forming intestinal bacteria, using a combination of bile acids and amino acids. The combination increased the number of colonies that formed on agar medium plated with ethanol-treated feces. The operational taxonomic units of these colonized bacteria were classified into two types. One type was colonized only by the bile acid (BA) mixture and the other type was colonized using amino acids, in addition to the BA mixture. The latter contained 13 species, in addition to 14 species of the former type, which mostly corresponds to anaerobic difficult-to-culture Clostridiales species, including several new species candidates. The use of a combination of BAs and amino acids effectively increased the culturability of spore-forming intestinal bacteria.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Analysis of Bile Acid-Conjugating Enzymes Reveals a Complex Duplication and Reciprocal Loss History

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3256-3268
Author(s):  
Bogdan M Kirilenko ◽  
Lee R Hagey ◽  
Stephen Barnes ◽  
Charles N Falany ◽  
Michael Hiller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Tandem Duplication ◽  
Catalytic Triad ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Genetic Origin ◽  
Enzymatic Function ◽  
Human Enzyme

Abstract To fulfill their physiological functions, bile acids are conjugated with amino acids. In humans, conjugation is catalyzed by bile acid coenzyme A: amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT), an enzyme with a highly conserved catalytic triad in its active site. Interestingly, the conjugated amino acids are highly variable among mammals, with some species conjugating bile acids with both glycine and taurine, whereas others conjugate only taurine. The genetic origin of these bile acid conjugation differences is unknown. Here, we tested whether mutations in BAAT’s catalytic triad could explain bile acid conjugation differences. Our comparative analysis of 118 mammals first revealed that the ancestor of placental mammals and marsupials possessed two genes, BAAT and BAATP1, that arose by a tandem duplication. This duplication was followed by numerous gene losses, including BAATP1 in humans. Losses of either BAAT or BAATP1 largely happened in a reciprocal fashion, suggesting that a single conjugating enzyme is generally sufficient for mammals. In intact BAAT and BAATP1 genes, we observed multiple changes in the catalytic triad between Cys and Ser residues. Surprisingly, although mutagenesis experiments with the human enzyme have shown that replacing Cys for Ser greatly diminishes the glycine-conjugating ability, across mammals we found that this residue provides little power in predicting the experimentally measured amino acids that are conjugated with bile acids. This suggests that the mechanism of BAAT’s enzymatic function is incompletely understood, despite relying on a classic catalytic triad. More generally, our evolutionary analysis indicates that results of mutagenesis experiments may not easily be extrapolatable to other species.

Spatial distribution, survival, and growth of sibling groups of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in an experimental stream channel

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 2119-2123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Quinn ◽  
Andrew H. Dittman ◽  
N. Phil Peterson ◽  
Eric Volk
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Positive Density ◽  
Stream Channel ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Intrapopulation Variation ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Dependent Growth ◽  
Sibling Recognition

The spatial distribution, survival, and growth of two full-sibling families of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in an experimental outdoor stream channel were compared between the families and with the performance of one of the families in an allopatric control channel after 75 d of rearing. No difference in survival was observed between families (81.2% overall), but their spatial distributions in the channel differed markedly. One family or the other numerically dominated 5 of 7 riffle-pool habitat units within the sympatric treatment channel. The family that was larger at the beginning of the experiment (0.52 vs. 0.37 g mean mass) was also larger at the end (2.03 vs. 1.58 g). While there was little evidence of density-dependent growth overall, the growth of each family was correlated with the density of siblings in the unit. However, the larger bodied family showed negative density-dependent growth, whereas the smaller bodied family showed positive density-dependent growth. These patterns of distribution and growth may have arisen from sibling recognition or some other proximate mechanism such as assortative distribution based on size or interfamily variation in aggression. Regardless of the mechanism, intrapopulation variation in distribution and growth may lead to considerable variation in fitness among families because these factors affect success in subsequent freshwater and marine life history stages.

Pharmacological effects of secondary bile acid microparticles in diabetic murine model

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Mooranian ◽  
Nassim Zamani ◽  
Bozica Kovacevic ◽  
Corina Mihaela Ionescu ◽  
Giuseppe Luna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Lithocholic Acid ◽  
Diabetes Treatment ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Antidiabetic Effects

Aim: Examine bile acids effects in Type 2 diabetes. Background: In recent studies, the bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has shown potent anti-inflammatory effects in obese patients while in type 2 diabetics (T2D) levels of the pro-inflammatory bile acid lithocholic acid were increased, and levels of the anti-inflammatory bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid were decreased, in plasma. Objective: Hence, this study aimed to examine applications of novel UDCA nanoparticles in diabetes. Methods: Diabetic balb/c adult mice were divided into three equal groups and gavaged daily with either empty microcapsules, free UDCA, or microencapsulated UDCA over two weeks. Their blood, tissues, urine, and faeces were collected for blood glucose, inflammation, and bile acid analyses. UDCA resulted in modulatory effects on bile acids profile without antidiabetic effects suggesting that bile acid modulation was not directly linked to diabetes treatment. Results: UDCA resulted in modulatory effects on bile acids profile without antidiabetic effects suggesting that bile acid modulation was not directly linked to diabetes treatment. Conclusion: Bile acids modulated the bile profile without affecting blood glucose levels.

scholarly journals Manipulating the Microbiome: An Alternative Treatment for Bile Acid Diarrhoea

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-353
Author(s):  
Evette B. M. Hillman ◽  
Sjoerd Rijpkema ◽  
Danielle Carson ◽  
Ramesh P. Arasaradnam ◽  
Elizabeth M. H. Wellington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Bile Acid Synthesis ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
The Uk

Bile acid diarrhoea (BAD) is a widespread gastrointestinal disease that is often misdiagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome and is estimated to affect 1% of the United Kingdom (UK) population alone. BAD is associated with excessive bile acid synthesis secondary to a gastrointestinal or idiopathic disorder (also known as primary BAD). Current licensed treatment in the UK has undesirable effects and has been the same since BAD was first discovered in the 1960s. Bacteria are essential in transforming primary bile acids into secondary bile acids. The profile of an individual’s bile acid pool is central in bile acid homeostasis as bile acids regulate their own synthesis. Therefore, microbiome dysbiosis incurred through changes in diet, stress levels and the introduction of antibiotics may contribute to or be the cause of primary BAD. This literature review focuses on primary BAD, providing an overview of bile acid metabolism, the role of the human gut microbiome in BAD and the potential options for therapeutic intervention in primary BAD through manipulation of the microbiome.

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