Respiration of a low oxygen tolerant galatheid crab, Munida quadrispina (Benedict, 1902)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 2538-2542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda J. Burd
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Carapace Length ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Levels ◽  
Saanich Inlet ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Critical Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Size Gradient

A recent study on Munida quadrispina in the cliff community of Saanich Inlet, an intermittently anoxic fjord, showed that these crabs have a size distribution corresponding to the vertical oxygen gradient. This study tested the hypothesis that the size gradient was caused by a size-dependent respiratory tolerance. The factor used for comparison was Pc (critical oxygen concentration below which the rate of oxygen consumption declines). Size specific Pc was compared with habitat oxygen levels at which different sized animals were captured in Saanich Inlet. Regulated oxygen consumption and Pc decreased significantly (p < 0.01) with increasing wet weight of crabs. Pc decreased significantly (p < 0.01) as carapace length increased. The slope and elevation of the latter relationship were not significantly different (p < 0.01, ANCOVA) from the slope and elevation of the relationship of carapace length versus habitat oxygen. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the vertical size gradient in Saanich Inlet is related to a size-specific Pc. The minimum Pc observed (0.14 mL oxygen/L) corresponded with the lowest oxygen levels at which crabs were found in Saanich Inlet (0.1–0.15 mL oxygen/L).

The Relation of Oxygen Consumption to Body Size and to Temperature in the Larvae of Chironomus Riparius Meigen

1958 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-395
Author(s):  
R. W. EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chironomus Riparius ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wet Weight

1. The oxygen consumption rates of 3rd- and 4th-instar larvae of Chironomus riparius have been measured at 10 and 20° C. using a constant-volume respirometer. 2. The oxygen consumption is approximately proportional to the 0.7 power of the dry weight: it is not proportional to the estimated surface area. 3. This relationship between oxygen consumption and dry weight is the same at 10 and at 20° C.. 4. The rate of oxygen consumption at 20° C. is greater than at 10° C. by a factor of 2.6. 5. During growth the percentage of dry matter of 4th-instar larvae increases from 10 to 16 and the specific gravity from 1.030 to 1.043. 6. The change in the dry weight/wet weight ratio during the 4 larval instar supports the theory of heterauxesis. 7. At 20° C., ‘summer’ larvae respire faster than ‘winter’ larvae.

Some Factors Affecting the Oxygen Consumption of Asellus

1960 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 706-718
Author(s):  
R. W. EDWARDS ◽  
M. A. LEARNER
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Constant Volume ◽  
Asellus Aquaticus ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Males And Females

1. The oxygen-consumption rates of Asellus aquaticus (males and females) have been measured at 10 and 20° C. using a constant-volume respirometer, and the effect of starvation for 24 hr. investigated. The oxygen consumption is approximately proportional to the 0.7 power of the wet weight. The rate of oxygen consumption at 20° C. is greater than at 10° C. by a factor of 1.5. 2. The oxygen-consumption rates of A. aquaticus and A. meridianus have been measured at 20° C. in a flowing-water respirometer employing a polarographic technique for the measurement of dissolved-oxygen concentrations. The oxygen consumptions of A. aquaticus and A. meridianus are similar and decrease by 15-20% when the dissolved-oxygen concentration falls from 8.3 to 1.5 p.p.m. 3. The oxygen consumption of A. aquaticus is between 35 and 75% higher in the polarographic respirometer than in the constant-volume respirometer.

RESPIRATION OF FISHES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON STANDARD OXYGEN CONSUMPTION: III. INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Standard Metabolism ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Standard Rate

Standard oxygen consumption was determined in relation to various partial pressures of oxygen for eastern brook trout at 10° and 15 °C, and for carp and goldfish at 10° and 20 °C. Two conditions of oxygen acclimation were compared. In one case acclimation was to air saturation while in the other acclimation was to each of the partial pressures of oxygen applied.Down to a partial pressure of oxygen of approximately 80 mm Hg, standard oxygen uptake remained approximately constant, and further, the rates for the two differently acclimated groups were about equal. Below 80 mm Hg the standard rate first increased to a maximum and then, with a further reduction in the partial pressure, decreased. Below 80 mm Hg the standard rate of oxygen consumption was in all cases less for the fish acclimated to the low level of oxygen than for those acclimated to air saturation.Comparison of standard and active values suggests that the increase in standard rate of oxygen uptake in response to low oxygen does not reach the active level as suggested earlier by Fry (1947). The suggestion is made that a fraction of standard metabolism is derived anaerobically in low levels of oxygen. Further, it appears that acclimation to a low level of oxygen enhances the anaerobic fraction of standard metabolism.

The Oxygen Consumption of Flies During Flight

1940 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. DAVIS ◽  
G. FRAENKEL
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Lucilia Sericata ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Blow Fly ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wet Weight

A method is described by which the oxygen uptake of the blow-fly, Lucilia sericata Mg., was measured during flight manometrically in a Warburg and in a Barcroft type of apparatus. The average oxygen consumption in air for all the flies used was 95·580 c.c. per g. wet weight per hour. When flying in pure oxygen the rate of oxygen consumption showed no significant difference; in oxygen-nitrogen mixtures, containing 10 and 5% oxygen, the rate was considerably less than in air.

The Respiratory Physiology of the Marine Nematodes Enoplus Brevis (Bastian) and E. Communis (Bastian)

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-266
Author(s):  
H. J. ATKINSON
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Oxygen Tension ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Respiratory Physiology ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Tensions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

1. The rate of oxygen consumption of individual males of Enoplus brevis and E. communis was measured at 15 °C and at each of four oxygen tensions, 135, 75, 35, and 12 Torr, after at least 12 h experience of these conditions. 2. It was clearly demonstrated that the level of oxygen consumption of both species was reduced by each lowering of the imposed oxygen tension. 3. In all cases the oxygen consumption of each species fell with increasing body size. On a unit dry-weight basis the oxygen consumption of E. brevis is greater than that of the larger E. communis, but after allowing for the difference of body size the two species have more or less similar oxygen uptakes at all oxygen tensions. 4. In E. brevis oxygen tension influenced the relationship of body size and metabolism, the slope relating oxygen consumption and body weight becomes steeper with decreasing oxygen tension. This effect was not shown by E. communis. 5. Some general factors influencing the availability of oxygen to nematodes are considered.

The Swimming Energetics of Trout

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Muscle System ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Standard Rate ◽  
The Difference

1. The oxygen consumption of rainbow trout was measured at a variety of subfatigue swimming speeds, at a temperature of 15 %C. Five groups of fish were used, a control group and four groups with extra drag loads attached to the body. 2. The logarithm of oxygen consumption was linearly related to swimming speed in all five groups, the slope of the relationship increasing with the size of the extra drag load. The mean standard rate of oxygen consumption was 72.5 mg O2/kg wet weight/h. The active rate of oxygen consumption was highest for the control group (628 mg O2/kg/h) and fell with increasing size of the attached drag load. The active rate for the control group was high in comparison with other salmonid fish, and in comparison with the value expected for the fish. This was not a result of the extra drag loads in the other groups. No explanation for this high value can be found. 3. The critical swimming speed for a 60 min test period was 58.1 cm/sec (2.0 body lengths/sec) for the control group. The values for the critical swimming speeds were slightly higher than those measured for the same species in a previous paper (Webb, 1971). The difference between the two sets of critical swimming speeds is attributed to seasonal changes in swimming performance. 4. The aerobic efficiency was found to reach values of 14.5-15.5% based on the energy released by aerobic metabolism in comparison with the calculated required thrust. 5. The anaerobic contribution to the total energy budget in increasing-velocity tests is considered to be small, and can be neglected. 6. It is concluded that the efficiency of the muscle system in cruising will be approximately 17-20% over the upper 80% of the cruising-speed range, while the caudal propeller efficiency will increase from about 15-75 % over the same range. 7. Consideration of the efficiency values for the caudal propeller calculated here, and those predicted by Lighthill's (1969) model of fish propulsion, suggest that the efficiency of the propeller system will reach an optimum value at the maximum cruising speeds of most fish, and will remain close to this value at spring speeds.

scholarly journals GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE AND 6-PHOSPHOGLUCONATE DEHYDROGENASES FROM EGGS OF THE SEA URCHIN, ARBACIA PUNCTULATA

1955 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Krahl ◽  
A. K. Keltch ◽  
C. P. Walters ◽  
G. H. A. Clowes
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Glycolytic Pathway ◽  
Supernatant Fraction ◽  
Arbacia Punctulata ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

1. Glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases have been found in homogenates of Arbacia eggs; 95 per cent of the activity toward each substrate is recovered in the supernatant fraction after centrifuging at 20,000 g for 30 minutes. 2. With glucose-6-phosphate as substrate) the rate of TPN reduction by the supernatant fraction from 1 gm. wet weight unfertilized or fertilized eggs was 1.8 to 3.0 micromoles per minute; this rate is sufficient to support a rate of oxygen consumption 24 times that observed for unfertilized, and 6 times that for fertilized, eggs. Pentose was formed from glucose-6-phosphate at a rate 0.3 to 0.5 that of TPN reduction, when both rates were expressed as micromoles per minute. 3. The concentrations of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate for half maximal activity were each approximately 0.00004 M for the respective enzymes in the supernatant fraction. Maximal activity toward 6-phosphogluconate was 50 to 60 per cent of that toward glucose-6-phosphate. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was 50 per cent inhibited in presence of 0.00006 M 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. 4. Reduction of DPN by the supernatant fraction in presence of fructose-1,6-diphosphate and ADP was 0.1 to 0.2 micromoles per minute per gm. wet eggs, indicating that the glycolytic pathway can metabolize glucose-6-phosphate at about 5 per cent the rate at which it can be oxidized by the TPN system from unfertilized or fertilized Arbacia eggs. 5. Phosphoglucomutase, hexose isomerase, and a phosphatase for fructose-1,6-diphosphate also appear to be present in Arbacia eggs.

Oxygen consumption of a large, cold-adapted frog egg (Ascaphus truei (Amphibia: Ascaphidae))

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Oxygen Consumption Rate ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Cold Adapted ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Montane Streams

Female Ascaphus lay a small number of large eggs beneath rocks in cold, montane streams of the Pacific Northwest. Average number of eggs per female is 45 (range, 28 to 64) and average egg diameter is 4 mm (range, 3.5 to 4.5). The large eggs of Ascaphus contain a relatively large amount of nutrients. Average wet weight of a single egg is 37.5 mg and dry weight is 23.7 mg (63% of wet weight). The oxygen consumption rate of embryos during development at 15 °C increases gradually during cleavage (0.25 μl O2/h per embryo) and more rapidly during neurula and postneurula stages (0.60 to 0.90 μl O2/h per embryo) to a value of 1.20 μl O2/h per embryo at vitelline circulation. The cold-adapted eggs of Ascaphus are characterized by large size, slow developmental rate and low oxygen consumption rate.

Some Effects of Temporary Exposure to Low Dissolved Oxygen Levels on Pacific Salmon Eggs

1958 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Alderdice ◽  
W. P. Wickett ◽  
J. R. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Availability ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Hatching Rate ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Low Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Levels

Eggs of the chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) were exposed to various constant levels of dissolved oxygen for a period of seven days. The procedure was repeated with fresh egg samples at various developmental stages. Temperatures were constant at 10 °C. from fertilization to hatching. Estimates of oxygen consumption uninhibited by low dissolved oxygen levels were obtained at various stages of egg development for whole eggs and also on the basis of the weight of larvae, excluding the yolk. Eggs were most sensitive to hypoxia between 100–200 Centigrade degree-days and compensated for reduced oxygen availability by reducing the oxygen demand and rate of development. Very low oxygen levels at early incubation stages resulted in the production of monstrosities. At about the time the circulatory system becomes functional the compensatory reduction in rate of growth under hypoxial conditions is reduced, but eggs no longer survive extreme hypoxial conditions. Eggs subjected to low dissolved oxygen levels just prior to hatching hatch prematurely at a rate dependent on the degree of hypoxia. The maximum premature hatching rate corresponded approximately with the median lethal oxygen level. Estimated median lethal levels rose slowly from fertilization to hatching. Oxygen consumption per egg rose from fertilization to hatching while the consumption per gram of larval tissue declined from a high to a low level at about the time of blastopore closure. Subsequently, a slight rise in the rate occurred up to a level which was more or less constant to hatching. "Critical" dissolved oxygen levels were calculated and they appear to define the oxygen level above which respiratory rate is unmodified by oxygen availability. Critical levels ranged from about 1 p.p.m. in early stages to over 7 p.p.m. shortly before hatching.

A Simple Electrolytic Respirometer for the Continuous Recording of Oxygen Consumption Under Constant and Natural Conditions

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-215
Author(s):  
ANN M. CHASE ◽  
D. M. UNWIN ◽  
R. H. J. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Continuous Recording ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Oxygen Levels ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

1. The principles involved in the design of an electrolytic respirometer are set out. 2. A respirometer is described for air-breathing animals which allows the continuous recording over long periods (up to two weeks) of oxygen consumption at rates of the order of 10-100 µl. per hour. 3. Provision is made for maintaining the temperature, pressure, and carbon dioxide and oxygen levels constant and at atmospheric values. 4. A new design of recorder displays the results directly as rate of oxygen consumption. 5. The features of the apparatus are discussed with reference to specific requirements.

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