Toxicity of aluminum and hydrogen ions to Daphnia catawba, Holopedium gibberum, Chaoborus punctipennis, and Chironomus anthrocinus from Mirror Lake, New Hampshire

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1114-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Havas ◽  
Gene E. Likens
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Acidic Precipitation ◽  
Mirror Lake ◽  
Chaoborus Punctipennis ◽  
Competition For Food ◽  
Daphnia Catawba

The effect of aluminum on the survival of Daphnia catawba, Holopedium gibberum, Chaoborus punctipennis, and Chironomus anthrocinus was determined. Experiments were conducted in soft water adjusted to pH 6.5 (original), 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, and 3.5, at three concentrations of aluminum (0.02, 0.32, 1.02 mg/L) which cover the range typical of soft-water lakes exposed to acidic precipitation in eastern North America. Our results indicate that D. catawba was the most acid sensitive of the four species tested. It died rapidly below pH 5.0, whereas the others could survive at pHs as low as 4.0 (H. gibberum) and 3.5 (C. punctipennis and C. anthrocinus). None of the invertebrates were particularly sensitive to aluminum. Mortality, attributable to aluminum, occurred only at pH 6.5 for D. catawba at the highest aluminum concentration tested (1.02 mg/L). Most of the aluminum in this treatment was present as a solid-phase aluminum hydroxide complex. Based on our results, these species should be able to tolerate aluminum concentrations in excess of those which now occur in recently acidified oligotrophic lakes. If they are eliminated from acidic environments it is likely to be due to competition for food and (or) prédation pressure rather than direct aluminum toxicity.

Acidity

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. L. Kong ◽  
X. N. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Charge ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Variable Charge ◽  
Aluminum Ions ◽  
Acid Reaction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Constant Charge ◽  
Variable Charge Soils

For variable charge soils, acidity is a property that is of equal importance as the surface charge. These two properties may affect each other, with the effect of the former on the latter more remarkable than the reverse. In the previous chapters it was shown that pH affects many other properties of the soil by affecting the surface charge. Therefore, soil acidity is more significant than surface charge in some aspects. Owing to a similar reason, the importance of acidity for variable charge soils may exceed that for constant charge soils. Soil acidity generally manifests itself in the form of hydrogen ions. Actually, these hydrogen ions are chiefly the product of the hydrolysis of aluminum ions. Therefore, when examining soil acidity it is necessary to examine the properties of aluminum ions. In the previous chapter the transformation of hydrogen ions into aluminum ions has already been mentioned. In this chapter the relationship between aluminum ions and hydrogen ions will be discussed in greater detail. Another difference between variable charge soils and constant charge soils with respect to acidity is that, not only hydrogen ions, but also hydroxyl ions can participate in chemical reactions between the solid phase and the liquid phase. In constant charge soils the quantity of hydroxyl ions is an induced variable and is determined by the quantity of hydrogen ions in the solution and the ionic product of water. In variable charge soils, on the other hand, the quantity is also determined by the chemical equilibrium of that ion species itself at the solid-solution interface. Thus, hydroxyl ions can, in turn, affect the quantity of hydrogen ions in solution. In this chapter the nature of acidity of variable charge soils will be discussed mainly from these characteristics. In the field of soil chemistry, there has been an interesting history with regard to the nature of soil acidity. Soon after the recognition of the relationship between acid reaction and hydrogen ions in chemistry, this concept of the nature of acidity was introduced into soil science, and the significance of hydrogen ions was invariably associated with it whenever soil acidity was considered.

Effects of pH, Aluminum, and Calcium on Survival and Growth of Eggs and Fry of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1580-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
C G. Ingersoll ◽  
D. R. Mount ◽  
D. D. Gulley ◽  
T. W. La Point ◽  
H. L. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Life Stage Sensitivity ◽  
Acid Toxicity

Freshly fertilized eggs, eyed eggs, yolk-sac fry, and swim-up fry of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to a matrix of 84 combinations of pH (4.0–6.5), aluminum (0–1000 μg/L), and calcium (0.5–8.0 mg/L) in 21–91-d experiments. The response to pH, aluminum, and calcium exposure was dependent on life stage. Sensitivity to acid toxicity generally decreased with age (freshly fertilized eggs>eyed eggs>yolk-sac fry = swim-up fry). Survival or hatching of freshly fertilized and eyed eggs decreased at pH 5.2 and below, whereas survival of yolk-sac and swim-up fry was reduced at pH 4.4–4.0. Sensitivity to aluminum toxicity generally increased with age (freshly fertilized eggs = eyed eggs<yolk-sac fry<swim-up fry). At low pH, survival of freshly fertilized and eyed eggs increased with exposure to increasing aluminum concentrations, in contrast, elevated aluminum [Formula: see text] was often toxic to fry. Increasing calcium was beneficial to all life stages, although the magnitude of this benefit depended on life stage and on the specific pH and aluminum concentration. Survival after previous exposure to toxic combinations of pH, aluminum, and calcium generally improved during a post-exposure recovery period at pH 6.5. However, increased mortality in many exposure combinations did not begin until this recovery period.

Aluminum Toxicity in Infants and Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 1150-1154
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Chronic Renal Failure ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Hypochromic Anemia ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Aluminum Exposure

During the last 15 years, accumulating evidence has implicated aluminum in disorders associated with chronic renal failure.1-6 The well-recognized manifestations of systemic aluminum toxicity include fracturing osteomalacia, dialysis encephalopathy, and microcytic hypochromic anemia. More recently, aluminum loading has been demonstrated in premature infants receiving intravenous fluid therapy.7 Although the clinical importance of this finding is unclear, it warrants careful attention. The association between aluminum excess and neurologic dysfunction, which has been reported in patients with chronic renal failure, suggests the possibility that aluminum overload may contribute to the pathogenesis of CNS damage in the sick premature infant.7,8 ALUMINUM EXPOSURE Aluminum, which is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust, is ubiquitous in its distribution.7 There is constant exposure to this element through ingestion of water and food and exposure to dust particles.10 Because aluminum sulfate (alum) is used as a flocculating agent in the purification of municipal water supplies, drinking water may contain high levels of aluminum (up to 1,000 µg/L). Aluminum cans, containers, and cooking utensils, as well as aluminum-containing medications, are also potential sources of oral intake of aluminum. Increase in aluminum intake as a result of transfer through the skin is probably negligible; however, exposure is common due to use of aluminum in deodorants.10 Some inhaled aluminum is retained in pulmonary tissue and in the peribronchial lymph nodes, but it is largely excluded from other tissues. Pulmonary aluminum concentration increases with age; unlike aluminum levels in other tissues, the concentration in the lung does not correlate with that in other tissues.

scholarly journals 2-Pentanone Production from Hexanoic Acid byPenicillium roquefortifrom Blue Cheese: Is This the Pathway Used in Humans?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Walker ◽  
Graham A. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Hexanoic Acid ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
Penicillium Roqueforti ◽  
Blue Cheese ◽  
Headspace Gas ◽  
Acyl Coa Oxidase

Production of 2-pentanone, a methylketone, is increased in fasting ketotic humans. Its origin is unknown. We hypothesised that it is formed viaβ-oxidation of hexanoic acid by the peroxisomal pathway proposed for methylketone-producing fungi and yeasts. We usedPenicillium roqueforticultured on fat (margarine) to investigate 2-pentanone production. Headspace gas of incubates of the mould with a range of substrates was analysed using solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Consistent with the proposed pathway, 2-pentanone was formed from hexanoic acid, hexanoyl-CoA, hexanoylcarnitine, and ethyl-3-oxohexanoic acid but not from ethylhexanoic, 2-ethylhexanoic, octanoic, or myristic acids, octanoylcarnitine, or pentane. However, the products from deuterated (D) hexanoic-D11acid and hexanoic-2, 2-D2acid were 9D- and 2D-2-pentanone, respectively, and not 8D- and 1D-2-pentanone as predicted. When incubated under18O2/14N2, there was only a very small enrichment of [16O2]- with [18O2]-containing 2-pentanone. These are new observations. They could be explained if hydrogen ions removed from hexanoyl-CoA by acyl-CoA oxidase at the commencement ofβ-oxidation were cycled through hydrogen peroxide and reentered the pathway through hydration of hexenoyl-CoA. This would protect other proteins from oxidative damage. Formation of 2-pentanone through aβ-oxidation cycle similar toPenicillium roquefortiwould be consistent with observations in humans.

Variation in tolerance to low environmental pH by the crayfish Orconectes rusticus, O. propinquus, and Cambarus robustus

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 2586-2589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Berrill ◽  
Lois Hollett ◽  
Arlene Margosian ◽  
Jeff Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Orconectes Rusticus ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Crayfish Species

We compared the tolerance of three common Ontario crayfish species to low pH under natural and laboratory conditions in water varying in aluminum concentration and hardness. Both transplant and laboratory experiments indicated that exposure to a pH range of 5.4–6.1 in soft water was toxic to attached juvenile stages of Orconectes rusticus and O. propinquus but not to females carrying the broods. In contrast, stage III juveniles of Cambarus robustus molted and survived in soft water at pH 4. Cambarus robustus is clearly far less sensitive to low pH stress than the two Orconectes species. No increased mortality due to the presence of elevated aluminum occurred among stage III juveniles of the three species exposed to pH 4.5–5.0 in soft water. Physiological differences, augmented by differences in life cycle, may account for the continued presence of C. robustus in acid-stressed lakes and streams.

Aluminum toxicity and ecological risk assessment of dried alum residual into surface water disposalA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science.

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maruf Mortula ◽  
Shannon M. Bard ◽  
Margaret E. Walsh ◽  
Graham A. Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Ecological Risk Assessment ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Lethal Toxicity ◽  
Lake Waters

This paper presented a simplified ecological risk assessment of the toxicity of alum residuals from water treatment plants to surface water that is based on the framework recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Though few studies have investigated the potential for increased aluminum toxicity with discharge of alum residual streams to the aquatic environment, none have explored the use of ecological risk assessment methodologies to gain additional insight into the potential risk. This systematic approach has been used to elucidate the process of aluminum toxicity from oven-dried alum residuals on aquatic habitats. A laboratory experiment was performed to assess the leaching of dried alum residuals to five lake water samples. The tests were also done to evaluate the effect of pH levels (4, 5.5, and 7) and drying mechanism of alum residual (oven, air or freeze–thaw). Total inorganic aluminum leaching from laboratory analysis was used along with toxicity reference values to determine a risk quotient (RQ) for assessment of risk. Results revealed that alum residuals in surface water could reduce aluminum concentration or potential risk (RQ) for fish in some lake waters at natural pH levels. Surface water pH and drying mechanism of alum residuals did not have considerable effect on leachability of aluminum. Lake waters with and without the addition of alum residual showed a potential risk for chronic sub-lethal toxicity for trout species. Both chronic and acute lethal toxicity was observed in some tests depending on the initial aluminum concentrations in the lake water. A detailed review of toxicological effects of aluminum, its exposure and bioaccumulation was studied for appropriate risk assessment.

DIFFERENTIAL PERFORMANCE OF TWO BARLEY VARIETIES TO VARYING ALUMINUM CONCENTRATIONS

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. MacLean ◽  
T. C. Chiasson
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Greenhouse Experiment ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Differential Performance ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Production Problems

In a greenhouse experiment, yields of Charlottetown 80 and Herta barley decreased with increasing rates of aluminum applied to a Caribou loam soil. The decline in yield was greater with the Herta variety. At the same time, this variety did not exhibit symptoms of aluminum toxicity as had been encountered on the same soil m field trials.A nutrient solution experiment established that Charlottetown 80 and Herta possessed a differential tolerance to aluminum and indicated that regional barley production problems were due to high concentrations of this element. Typical aluminum toxicity symptoms were encountered which appeared at lower aluminum concentrations in the Herta variety. Top and root yields of both varieties declined with increasing aluminum treatment but the effect was more pronounced with Herta.Phosphorus and calcium decreased in the tops and increased in the roots with increasing aluminum concentration. The effect was greater in Herta at intermediate aluminum concentrations than in Charlottetown 80. It was concluded that aluminium depressed the translocation of these elements within the plant rather than their adsorption by the roots.

Movpe Growth and Characterization of AlxGa1-xN Layers on Sapphire

1997 ◽  
Vol 468 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Clur ◽  
O. Briot ◽  
J. L. Rouviere ◽  
A. Andenet ◽  
Y-M. Le Vaillant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Optical Quality ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Al Content ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Simple Kinetic Model ◽  
Sudden Transition

ABSTRACTAlGaN is an important material for the realization of nitride heterostructures, involved in most device designs. We have studied the growth of this alloy using low pressure MOVPE (76 Torr), and using triethyl-gallium (TEGa), trimethyl-aluminum (TMA1) and ammonia (NH3) as precursors. First the solid -gas aluminum segregation was studied in order to calibrate the incorporation of Al in the solid phase. We found that aluminum is more readily incorporated than gallium in the solid, leading to an apparent Al segregation coefficient greater than unity. A simple kinetic model is used to fit the experimental data. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to investigate the morphology of the samples through the whole range of Al content (x = 0 to 1), and we observe a clear evolution of the surface features versus aluminum concentration: at low Al contents, small (below 1 pm) hexagonal holes are observed while at high Al, acicular features are observed, with a sudden transition between those morphologies around x = 0.5. Transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze the crystalline structure of these samples. Finally, the samples were studied by low temperature (2K) reflectivity and Raman spectroscopy. We report the evolution of the optical quality of samples (x < 0.4) versus Al content, as evaluated from the broadening of the observed excitonic transitions in the 2K reflectivity.

Instar Succession, Vertical Distribution, and Interspecific Competition Among Four Species of Chaoborus

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. H. Carter ◽  
Judith K. Kwik
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
River System ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Oligotrophic Lakes ◽  
Intense Competition ◽  
Chaoborus Punctipennis ◽  
Competition For Food

Of four highly oligotrophic lakes of the Matamek River System, Quebec, Lac à la Croix contains Chaoborus punctipennis and C. trivittatus, Lac Gallienne C. americanus, Lac Randin C. americanus and C. trivittatus, and Lac Méchant C. flavicans and C. trivittatus. The instars are all planktonic except instars I–III of C. trivittatus in Lac à la Croix. All species have a 1-yr life cycle except C. americanus in Lac Gallienne which has a 2-yr cycle. The cycles of C. trivittatus in lacs Randin and Méchant are out of phase by 1 mo or more with those of C. americanus and C. flavicans, respectively. Seasonal increases in length occurred in most instars except those of C. punctipennis in Lac à la Croix. Both species in Lac à la Croix made fairly extensive diurnal migrations but in lacs Gallienne and Méchant all species remained near the surface. Intense competition for food is considered the most likely cause of seasonal or spatial separation of instars of similar size in all lakes.

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