Sex chromosome polymorphism in the Simulium tuberosum complex (Lundström) (Diptera: Simuliidae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Mason
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Chromosome Polymorphism ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Primary Zone ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Unusual Chromosome

These studies on the Simulium tuberosum complex have revealed the presence of a number of closely related sibling species which are distinguished by the banding pattern on their sex chromosomes. Collections were made over wide geographic areas of North America and the distributions of the various types found were recorded. Included are areas in northeastern United States with sites at which a number of the sibling species are sympatric. At these sites the separation of one taxa from another is not clear and a number of intra- and inter-sibling sex chromosome polymorphisms were detected. Included in these polymorphs were larvae with unusual chromosome combinations, including females with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Arguments are made for some of the divisions as distinct species and for sex chromosome polymorphism in others. Based on the evidence of the geographic distribution, it is suggested that the area of sympatry in which polymorphism in all of the division of the complex was found is a primary zone of speciation.

The population structure of Simulium vittatum (Zett.): the IIIL-1 and IS-7 sibling species

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1857-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Rothfels ◽  
David Featherston
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Geographic Pattern ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Cytological Characteristics ◽  
Wide Zone

This paper describes two sibling species in Simulium vittatum (Zett.) on the basis of their salivary gland chromosomes. The IIIL-1 sibling is characterized by a Y chromosome carrying the IIIL-1 inversion; the IS-7 sibling is characterized by the IS-7 X chromosome. The basic banding sequences are identical in the two sibling species. The siblings differ however in the relative frequencies of standard and inverted sequences for a number of autosomal polymorphisms that they share. Standard sequences are predominant in the IIIL-1 sibling and inverted sequences in the IS-7 type. The IIIL-1 sibling is distributed from the Atlantic, south to the Gulf of Mexico and west to the Saskatchewan–Alberta border. The IS-7 sibling ranges from the Atlantic to Alaska, but so far has not been found south of Pennsylvania. The sibling species are sympatric over a wide zone extending through parts of Quebec, Ontario, and northeastern United States via Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota to Saskatchewan and Alberta. It is argued that the two sibling species originated in the region of the present sympatry. Evidence for this conclusion derives from the geographic pattern of sex chromosome and autosome polymorphism in North America and from cytological characteristics of certain extraterritorial populations (Iceland).

scholarly journals The Diversity and Evolution of Sex Chromosomes in Frogs

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 483
Author(s):  
Wen-Juan Ma ◽  
Paris Veltsos
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Heterogametic Sex

Frogs are ideal organisms for studying sex chromosome evolution because of their diversity in sex chromosome differentiation and sex-determination systems. We review 222 anuran frogs, spanning ~220 Myr of divergence, with characterized sex chromosomes, and discuss their evolution, phylogenetic distribution and transitions between homomorphic and heteromorphic states, as well as between sex-determination systems. Most (~75%) anurans have homomorphic sex chromosomes, with XY systems being three times more common than ZW systems. Most remaining anurans (~25%) have heteromorphic sex chromosomes, with XY and ZW systems almost equally represented. There are Y-autosome fusions in 11 species, and no W-/Z-/X-autosome fusions are known. The phylogeny represents at least 19 transitions between sex-determination systems and at least 16 cases of independent evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes from homomorphy, the likely ancestral state. Five lineages mostly have heteromorphic sex chromosomes, which might have evolved due to demographic and sexual selection attributes of those lineages. Males do not recombine over most of their genome, regardless of which is the heterogametic sex. Nevertheless, telomere-restricted recombination between ZW chromosomes has evolved at least once. More comparative genomic studies are needed to understand the evolutionary trajectories of sex chromosomes among frog lineages, especially in the ZW systems.

Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes and Their DNA Content in Fish: An Insight through Satellite DNA Accumulation in Megaleporinus elongatus

2020 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Crepaldi ◽  
Patricia P. Parise-Maltempi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Satellite Dna ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Neotropical Fish ◽  
High Throughput Analysis ◽  
Multiple Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
Graph Based Clustering

The repetitive DNA content of fish sex chromosomes provides valuable insights into specificities and patterns of their genetic sex determination systems. In this study, we revealed the genomic satellite DNA (satDNA) content of Megaleporinuselongatus, a Neotropical fish species with Z1Z1Z2Z2/Z1W1Z2W2 multiple sex chromosomes, through high-throughput analysis and graph-based clustering, isolating 68 satDNA families. By physically mapping these sequences in female metaphases, we discovered 15 of the most abundant satDNAs clustered in its chromosomes, 9 of which were found exclusively in the highly heterochromatic W1. This heteromorphic sex chromosome showed the highest amount of satDNA accumulations in this species. The second most abundant family, MelSat02-26, shared FISH signals with the NOR-bearing pair in similar patterns and is linked to the multiple sex chromosome system. Our results demonstrate the diverse satDNA content in M. elongatus, especially in its heteromorphic sex chromosome. Additionally, we highlighted the different accumulation patterns and distribution of these sequences across species by physically mapping these satDNAs in other Anostomidae, Megaleporinusmacrocephalus and Leporinusfriderici (a species without differentiated sex chromosomes).

scholarly journals The effect of an unusual chromosome architecture on disjunction and non-disjunction in Drosophila

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Falk
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Architecture ◽  
Preferential Segregation ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Unusual Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Disjunction

SUMMARYTwo homologous autosomes of Drosophila that were attached to form a single entire compound autosome II were found to affect the segregation of the sex chromosomes in both males and females. The compound segregated nearly always from an attached X . Y chromosome in males with no other sex chromosome. When two sex chromosomes were present together with the compound they differed in their tendency to segregate from the compound. In males the X . Y chromosome segregated more often from the compound than did the Y chromosome, and the Y chromosome segregated more often from the compound than did the regular X chromosome. In females the X . Y segregated more often from the compound than did the regular X chromosome. This preferential segregation in females was observed for exchange X chromosomes as well as for the non-exchange chromosomes.In the presence of the compound the frequency of primary non-disjunction of the sex chromosomes was elevated in both females and males; usually both sex chromosomes segregated from the compound and only rarely with it.Flies devoid of most of the proximal heterochromatin of the sex chromosomes die. However, when the compound autosome was present some such flies survived. This indicates that a segment of the proximal heterochromatin of the sex chromosomes was intercalated into the compound when it was constructed. It was concluded that the segment intercalated into the compound carries specific sites for sex chromosome disjunction. Specific sites determine sex chromosome disjunction in males. In females they determine the disjunction of the sex chromosomes in cooperation with exchange pairing.

scholarly journals Snake W Sex Chromosome: The Shadow of Ancestral Amniote Super-Sex Chromosome

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2386
Author(s):  
Worapong Singchat ◽  
Syed Farhan Ahmad ◽  
Nararat Laopichienpong ◽  
Aorarat Suntronpong ◽  
Thitipong Panthum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Chromosome Conformation ◽  
Principal Mechanism ◽  
Squamate Reptiles ◽  
Genomic Landscape ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes

Heteromorphic sex chromosomes, particularly the ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system of birds and some reptiles, undergo evolutionary dynamics distinct from those of autosomes. The W sex chromosome is a unique karyological member of this heteromorphic pair, which has been extensively studied in snakes to explore the origin, evolution, and genetic diversity of amniote sex chromosomes. The snake W sex chromosome offers a fascinating model system to elucidate ancestral trajectories that have resulted in genetic divergence of amniote sex chromosomes. Although the principal mechanism driving evolution of the amniote sex chromosome remains obscure, an emerging hypothesis, supported by studies of W sex chromosomes of squamate reptiles and snakes, suggests that sex chromosomes share varied genomic blocks across several amniote lineages. This implies the possible split of an ancestral super-sex chromosome via chromosomal rearrangements. We review the major findings pertaining to sex chromosomal profiles in amniotes and discuss the evolution of an ancestral super-sex chromosome by collating recent evidence sourced mainly from the snake W sex chromosome analysis. We highlight the role of repeat-mediated sex chromosome conformation and present a genomic landscape of snake Z and W chromosomes, which reveals the relative abundance of major repeats, and identifies the expansion of certain transposable elements. The latest revolution in chromosomics, i.e., complete telomere-to-telomere assembly, offers mechanistic insights into the evolutionary origin of sex chromosomes.

scholarly journals Chromosomal Spreading of Microsatellites and (TTAGGG)n Sequences in the Characidium zebra and C. gomesi Genomes (Characiformes: Crenuchidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela B. Pucci ◽  
Patricia Barbosa ◽  
Viviane Nogaroto ◽  
Mara C. Almeida ◽  
Roberto F. Artoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repetitive Dna ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Binding Motif ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Repeat Sequences ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes

Sex chromosome evolution involves the accumulation of repeat sequences such as multigenic families, noncoding repetitive DNA (satellite, minisatellite, and microsatellite), and mobile elements such as transposons and retrotransposons. Most species of Characidium exhibit heteromorphic ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes; the W is characterized by an intense accumulation of repetitive DNA including dispersed satellite DNA sequences and transposable elements. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution pattern of 18 different tandem repeats, including (GATA)n and (TTAGGG)n, in the genomes of C. zebra and C. gomesi, especially in the C. gomesi W chromosome. In the C. gomesi W chromosome, weak signals were seen for (CAA)10, (CAC)10, (CAT)10, (CGG)10, (GAC)10, and (CA)15 probes. (GA)15 and (TA)15 hybridized to the autosomes but not to the W chromosome. The (GATA)n probe hybridized to the short arms of the W chromosome as well as the (CG)15 probe. The (GATA)n repeat is known to be a protein-binding motif. GATA-binding proteins are necessary for the decondensation of heterochromatic regions that hold coding genes, especially in some heteromorphic sex chromosomes that may keep genes related to oocyte development. The (TAA)10 repeat is accumulated in the entire W chromosome, and this microsatellite accumulation is probably involved in the sex chromosome differentiation process and crossover suppression in C. gomesi. These additional data on the W chromosome DNA composition help to explain the evolution of sex chromosomes in Characidium.

Speciation in black flies

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Rothfels
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Chromosome Polymorphism ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
Species Pairs

In many Simuliidae, patterns of spatial and temporal relationships among the most closely related species are more readily interpreted in terms of sympatric speciation than of allopatric speciation. Specific examples are (i) the allotriploid taxa in Gymnopais and other genera, (ii) the black fly faunas of geologically recent islands (Tahiti), and (iii) species in Prosimulium onychodactylum, a prototype of a continental multisibling species complex. A model of sympatric speciation is presented based on coadaptation of polymorphic sex chromosomes in pairs reinforced by progressive development of assortative mating. This model predicts that (i) populations should frequently exhibit sex-chromosome polymorphism, (ii) these sex-chromosome polymorphisms, and autosomal ones, should in some cases display linkage or association disequilibria, (iii) species pairs or complexes should be incurred that differ only in sex chromosomes and that share extensive ancestral autosomal polymorphisms, and (iv) such species should differ in their biology and perhaps their present-day distribution. Recent publications and observations are in accordance, in general, with predictions from the model. Genetic control, e.g., of diapause, larval developmental timing, and niche preference or ethology, could substitute as a basis of incipient cleavage. The evidence for sympatric speciation is purely inferential, but this is equally true for the allopatric interpretation, and in black flies the circumstantial evidence for prevalence of sympatric speciation appears more compelling. This is not to deny the efficacy of allopatry and founder effect in the origin of some species complexes.Key words: sympatric speciation, black fly, evolution.

Sibling species and sex chromosome differentiation in Simulium neornatipes (Diptera: Simuliidae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Bedo
Keyword(s):  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Chromosome Analysis ◽  
Sex Linkage ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Chromosome Differentiation ◽  
Close Relationship

Polytene chromosome analysis of five Simulium neornatipes populations not only confirms the existence of the two sibling species, S. neornatipes 1 and 2, proposed earlier but reveals a third. S. neornatipes 3. These sibling species share a common standard polytene chromosome banding sequence which differs from the Australian S. ornatipes complex standard by five fixed inversions. The sharing of polymorphic inversions between the ornatipes and neornatipes complexes indicates their close relationship. The neornatipes species are distinguished from each other by additional fixed inversions and differentiated sex chromosomes. Extensive sex chromosome differentiation involving chromosome III has occurred in S. neornatipes 1 and 2. A period of incomplete sex-linkage allowing reassortment of inversions must have preceded the currently observed strong sex-linkage of differentiated sex chromosomes to account for the complex array of sex chromosomes found. The close association of sex chromosome differentiation with speciation in black flies is discussed in relation to appropriate speciation mechanisms. It is concluded that the rearrangements themselves have no direct role in the speciation process.Key words: sibling species, sex chromosomes, Simuliidae.

scholarly journals Long-term sex reversal by oestradiol in amniotes with heteromorphic sex chromosomes

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Freedberg ◽  
Rachel M Bowden ◽  
Michael A Ewert ◽  
Dale R Sengelaub ◽  
Craig E Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Turtle Species ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Do So

Oestradiol application during embryonic development reverses the sex of male embryos and results in normal female differentiation in reptiles lacking heteromorphic sex chromosomes, but fails to do so in birds and mammals with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. It is not clear whether the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in amniotes is accompanied by insensitivity to oestradiol, or if the association between oestradiol insensitivity and heteromorphic sex chromosomes can be attributable to phylogenetic constraints in these taxa. Turtles provide an ideal system to examine the potential relationship between oestradiol insensitivity and sex chromosome heteromorphy, since there are species with heteromorphic sex chromosomes that are closely related to species lacking heteromorphic sex chromosomes. We investigated this relationship by examining the long-term effects of oestradiol-17β application on sex determination in Staurotypus triporcatus and Staurotypus salvinii , two turtle species with male heterogamety. After raising the turtles in the lab for 3 years, we found follicular and Müllerian duct morphology in oestradiol-treated turtles that was identical to that of untreated females. The lasting sex reversal suggests that the evolutionary transition between systems lacking heteromorphic sex chromosomes and those with heteromorphic sex chromosomes is not constrained by a fundamental mechanistic difference.

scholarly journals First Report of Sex Chromosomes in Night Lizards (Scincoidea: Xantusiidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart V Nielsen ◽  
Brendan J Pinto ◽  
Irán Andira Guzmán-Méndez ◽  
Tony Gamble
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Restriction Site ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Squamate Reptiles ◽  
Determining Modes ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
Cytogenetic Methods

Abstract Squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphibians) are an outstanding group for studying sex chromosome evolution—they are old, speciose, geographically widespread, and exhibit myriad sex-determining modes. Yet, the vast majority of squamate species lack heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Cataloging the sex chromosome systems of species lacking easily identifiable, heteromorphic sex chromosomes, therefore, is essential before we are to fully understand the evolution of vertebrate sex chromosomes. Here, we use restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) to classify the sex chromosome system of the granite night lizard, Xantusia henshawi. RADseq is an effective alternative to traditional cytogenetic methods for determining a species’ sex chromosome system (i.e., XX/XY or ZZ/ZW), particularly in taxa with non-differentiated sex chromosomes. Although many xantusiid lineages have been karyotyped, none possess heteromorphic sex chromosomes. We identified a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system in X. henshawi—the first such data for this family. Furthermore, we report that the X. henshawi sex chromosome contains fragments of genes found on Gallus gallus chromosomes 7, 12, and 18 (which are homologous to Anolis carolinensis chromosome 2), the first vertebrate sex chromosomes to utilize this linkage group.

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