Aquatic thermoregulation in the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus): energy demands of swimming and diving

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. MacArthur
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Ondatra Zibethicus ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Metabolic Recovery ◽  
Body Cooling

Muskrats experienced a steady decline in abdominal and subcutaneous body temperature (ΔTh) during unrestrained dives of 0.5- to 4-min duration. Extent of body cooling, postdive O2 consumption [Formula: see text], and metabolic recovery time increased both with time submerged and declining water temperature (3 – 30 °C). For each additional minute that a muskrat remained submerged, cost increased by 99 mL O2∙kg−1 in 3 °C, compared with 71 and 43 mL O2∙kg−1 in 20 and 30 °C water, respectively. Postdive [Formula: see text] correlated strongly with ΔTh incurred during diving. Mean [Formula: see text], during spontaneous activity in water, when animals were free to swim, dive, or float quietly on the surface, varied inversely with water temperature and directly with ΔTh. Temporal decline in Th during 25-min immersion was matched by a concurrent reduction in voluntary dive time. Mean [Formula: see text], immediately following withdrawal from water exceeded that during an equivalent period of immersion.

Seasonal patterns of body temperature and activity in free-ranging muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus)

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. MacArthur
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Ondatra Zibethicus ◽  
Winter Foraging ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Foraging Time

Radiotelemetry techniques were employed to study the relationship between activity and abdominal temperature (Tb) changes in free-ranging muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus). Body cooling accompanied foraging activity by adults in winter and juveniles in summer and was retarded by periodic withdrawal from water. Net Tb decline during winter foraging rarely exceeded 2 °C and was relatively independent of foraging time for excursions exceeding 40 min duration. In addition to periodic rewarming within feeding shelters, muskrats appeared to avoid hypothermia during under-ice excursions by elevating Tb prior to entering water. This elevation was maximal (mean increase = 1.2 °C) for excursions exceeding 40 min duration. Comparable increases were not observed in summer.

scholarly journals Postoperative malignant hyperthermia confirmed by calcium-induced calcium release rate after breast cancer surgery, in which prompt recognition and immediate dantrolene administration were life-saving: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsumi Miyazaki ◽  
Takayuki Kobayashi ◽  
Takako Komiya ◽  
Toshio Okada ◽  
Yusuke Ishida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Malignant Hyperthermia ◽  
Muscle Biopsy ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Cancer Surgery ◽  
Breast Cancer Surgery ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Calcium Induced Calcium Release

Abstract Background Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare genetic disease characterized by the development of very serious symptoms, and hence prompt and appropriate treatment is required. However, postoperative MH is very rare, representing only 1.9% of cases as reported in the North American Malignant Hyperthermia Registry (NAMHR). We report a rare case of a patient who developed sudden postoperative hyperthermia after mastectomy, which was definitively diagnosed as MH by the calcium-induced calcium release rate (CICR) measurement test. Case presentation A 61-year-old Japanese woman with a history of stroke was hospitalized for breast cancer surgery. General anesthesia was introduced by propofol, remifentanil, and rocuronium. After intubation, anesthesia was maintained using propofol and remifentanil, and mastectomy and muscle flap reconstruction surgery was performed and completed without any major problems. After confirming her spontaneous breathing, sugammadex was administered and she was extubated. Thereafter, systemic shivering and masseter spasm appeared, and a rapid increase in body temperature (maximum: 38.9 °C) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) (maximum: 59 mmHg) was noted. We suspected MH and started cooling the body surface of the axilla, cervix, and body trunk, and administered chilled potassium-free fluid and dantrolene. After her body temperature dropped and her shivering improved, dantrolene administration was ended, and finally she was taken to the intensive care unit (ICU). Body cooling was continued within the target range of 36–37 °C in the ICU. No consciousness disorder, hypotension, increased serum potassium level, metabolic acidosis, or cola-colored urine was observed during her ICU stay. Subsequently, her general condition improved and she was discharged on day 12. Muscle biopsy after discharge was performed and provided a definitive diagnosis of MH. Conclusions The occurrence of MH can be life-threatening, but its frequency is very low, and genetic testing and muscle biopsy are required to confirm the diagnosis. On retrospective evaluation using the malignant hyperthermia scale, the present case was almost certainly that of a patient with MH. Prompt recognition and immediate treatment with dantrolene administration and body cooling effectively reversed a potentially fatal syndrome. This was hence a valuable case of a patient with postoperative MH that led to a confirmed diagnosis by CICR.

scholarly journals Circadian rhythm of spontaneous activity and body temperature and its relationship with exercise capacity

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederico Sander Mansur Machado ◽  
Gisele Veira Rodovalho ◽  
Cândido Celso Coimbra
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Exercise Capacity

The Cooling Power of Pigeon Wings

1991 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALBERT CRAIG ◽  
JACQUES LAROCHELLE
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

The rate of heat loss through the stretched wings (Hwings) was studied in resting pigeons preheated to a body temperature (43.7°C) within the range of those recorded during flight. The experimental system was designed to allow the calculation of Hwings from the increase in whole-body cooling rates resulting from exposure of the wings to various wind speeds (0–50 km h−1) at 23°C. The maximum value of HWings was 3.8 W, less than twice the heat production of a resting pigeon. This indicates that the contribution of the wings to heat dissipation during flight may not be nearly as important as has been supposed. At low windspeeds (0–12.5 km h−1), HWings corresponded to about 40% of the resting rate of heat production, and this value is discussed in connection with the various wing postures observed in hyperthermic birds.

Changes in body temperature and basal metabolic rate of the ama

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Kang ◽  
S. H. Song ◽  
C. S. Suh ◽  
S. K. Hong
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Average Body

Oral temperatures of Korean diving women (ama) were measured before and after diving work in four seasons of the year. Their basal metabolic rate, measured in four seasons, was compared to that of nondiving women who lived in the same community and ate the same diet as the ama. Average oral temperatures declined to 35 C after 70 min of work in summer (water temp., 27 C) and to 33 C after 15 min of work in the winter (water temp., 10 C). Average body temperature, computed from weighted oral and average skin temperatures, declined to 34.6 C in summer and to 30 C in winter. Duration of work periods was determined principally by water temperature, since oral temperature declined at a rate inversely proportional to water temperature. The lower deep body temperatures which the ama endure in winter do, however, prolong their winter work period. The BMR of nondiving women was the same as the Dubois standard throughout the year. However, the BMR of ama varied with the season, ranging from +5 of the Dubois standard in summer to +35 in winter. We conclude that the elevated BMR of ama during the winter is cold adaptation, induced by repeated immersion in cold water. Submitted on November 23, 1962

Deep hypothermia in the cat

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur F. Battista
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Ventricular Fibrillation ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Deep Hypothermia ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Adult Cats ◽  
Body Cooling

Sixteen adult cats were cooled, using the method of hypercapnia and hypoxia. Seven cats died during the cooling or warming period due to irreversible ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest. Nine cats survived and the lowest body temperature obtained was 12.5°C. The rate of body cooling and the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations were critical parameters difficult to control in a large animal such as the cat.

Body temperature fluctuations in free-ranging eastern foxsnakes (Elaphe gloydi) during cold-water swimming

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie A MacKinnon ◽  
Anna Lawson ◽  
E D Stevens ◽  
Ronald J Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Thermal Biology ◽  
Rapid Temperature ◽  
Free Ranging

We examined the thermal biology of free-ranging terrestrial eastern foxsnakes (Elaphe gloydi Conant, 1940) that were voluntarily swimming in cold water during spring, in Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada. Using temperature-sensitive radiotelemetry, we recorded body temperatures of foxsnakes during 12 cold-water swims, and subsequent warming on shore. During these swims, water temperatures were from 11 to 22 °C and distances of 85–1330 m were travelled. Snakes that were in cold water long enough equilibrated with water temperature and did not maintain a body temperature above ambient. The largest observed drop in body temperature was 22.6 °C (over 11 min) and the largest increase was 23 °C (over 66 min). Such large, rapid temperature fluctuations have not previously been reported in detail from snakes in the field. Twice as many telemetry observations as expected occurred between 1200 and 1400, suggesting that snakes chose to swim midday. Additionally, our results suggest that foxsnakes bask to raise their body temperature prior to swimming in cold water. We compared swimming speed and the coefficient of temperature change among foxsnakes and other snake species. Swimming speed was positively correlated with water temperature, similar to other findings. We found no clear trend between mass and the coefficients of cooling and warming; however, snakes cooled in water 2.8–8.6 times faster than they warmed in air.

The Heat and Moisture Exchanger Does Not Preserve Body Temperature or Reduce Recovery Time in Outpatients Undergoing Surgery and Anesthesia

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL E. GOLDBERG ◽  
REHANA JAN ◽  
CHARLES E. GREGG ◽  
ROBERT BERKO ◽  
ALEXANDER T. MARR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Heat And Moisture Exchanger ◽  
Moisture Exchanger ◽  
Heat And Moisture

Heat exchanges in wet suits

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 770-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Wolff ◽  
S. R. Coleshaw ◽  
C. G. Newstead ◽  
W. R. Keatinge
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Postural Changes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Heat Exchanges ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Flow of water under foam neoprene wet suits could halve insulation that the suits provided, even at rest in cold water. On the trunk conductance of this flow was approximately 6.6 at rest and 11.4 W . m-2 . C-1 exercising; on the limbs, it was only 3.4 at rest and 5.8 W . m-2 . degrees C-1 exercising; but during vasoconstriction in the cold, skin temperatures on distal parts of limbs were lower than were those of the trunk, allowing adequate metabolic responses. In warm water, minor postural changes and movement made flow under suits much higher, approximately 60 on trunk and 30 W . m-2 . degrees C-1 on limbs, both at rest and at work. These changes in flow allowed for a wide range of water temperatures at which people could stabilize body temperature in any given suit, neither overheating when exercising nor cooling below 35 degrees C when still. Even thin people with 4- or 7- mm suits covering the whole body could stabilize their body temperatures in water near 10 degrees C in spite of cold vasodilatation. Equations to predict limits of water temperature for stability with various suits and fat thicknesses are given.

The Cooling Power of Pigeon Legs

1988 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUCIE MARTINEAU ◽  
JACQUES LAROCHELLE
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Aquatic Bird ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Whole Body Cooling

The rate of heat loss from legs and feet (HLEG) was studied in resting pigeons preheated to a body temperature (43.1°C) close to those recorded during flight. The experimental system was designed to allow the calculation of HLEG from whole-body cooling rates following exposure of the legs and feet to various combinations of wind speed (0–75 km h−1) and air temperature (5–25°C). The pigeons remained hyperthermic when their hindlimbs were kept insulated, but their bodies cooled markedly as a result of exposure of the legs and feet. With a 12.5km h−1 wind at 25°C, HLEG corresponded to 240% of the resting heat production. HLEG was increased by higher wind speed and lower air temperature, but it became essentially independent of wind speed above 37.5 km −1. The maximum values of HLEG were 4–6 times as large as the resting heat production and could account for 50–65 % of the total heat produced during flight. It is concluded that in a non-aquatic bird the legs and feet can play a major role in whole-body thermoregulation, both at rest and during flight.

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