Seasonal patterns of body temperature and activity in free-ranging muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus)

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. MacArthur
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Ondatra Zibethicus ◽  
Winter Foraging ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Foraging Time

Radiotelemetry techniques were employed to study the relationship between activity and abdominal temperature (Tb) changes in free-ranging muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus). Body cooling accompanied foraging activity by adults in winter and juveniles in summer and was retarded by periodic withdrawal from water. Net Tb decline during winter foraging rarely exceeded 2 °C and was relatively independent of foraging time for excursions exceeding 40 min duration. In addition to periodic rewarming within feeding shelters, muskrats appeared to avoid hypothermia during under-ice excursions by elevating Tb prior to entering water. This elevation was maximal (mean increase = 1.2 °C) for excursions exceeding 40 min duration. Comparable increases were not observed in summer.

Aquatic thermoregulation in the muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus): energy demands of swimming and diving

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. MacArthur
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Ondatra Zibethicus ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Metabolic Recovery ◽  
Body Cooling

Muskrats experienced a steady decline in abdominal and subcutaneous body temperature (ΔTh) during unrestrained dives of 0.5- to 4-min duration. Extent of body cooling, postdive O2 consumption [Formula: see text], and metabolic recovery time increased both with time submerged and declining water temperature (3 – 30 °C). For each additional minute that a muskrat remained submerged, cost increased by 99 mL O2∙kg−1 in 3 °C, compared with 71 and 43 mL O2∙kg−1 in 20 and 30 °C water, respectively. Postdive [Formula: see text] correlated strongly with ΔTh incurred during diving. Mean [Formula: see text], during spontaneous activity in water, when animals were free to swim, dive, or float quietly on the surface, varied inversely with water temperature and directly with ΔTh. Temporal decline in Th during 25-min immersion was matched by a concurrent reduction in voluntary dive time. Mean [Formula: see text], immediately following withdrawal from water exceeded that during an equivalent period of immersion.

Metabolic and behavioral responses of muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) to elevated CO2 in a simulated winter microhabitat

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 738-743
Author(s):  
Robert A. MacArthur
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Foraging Activity ◽  
Ondatra Zibethicus ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Breathing Room ◽  
Avoidance Reactions

Metabolic and behavioral responses to inspired CO2 were investigated in muskrats housed in a microhabitat designed to simulate winter field conditions. Mean daily rate of oxygen consumption [Formula: see text] declined from 1.46 mL O2∙g∙h−1 in animals breathing room air to 1.11–1.25 mL O2∙g∙h−1 in animals inhaling 4–10% CO2 in the simulated lodge. Daily patterns of [Formula: see text], abdominal body temperature (Tb), and foraging activity were minimally affected by chronic CO2 exposure, though muskrats breathing 9–10% CO2 made shorter voluntary dives. The ability of muskrats to rewarm following foraging activity was slightly depressed by hypercapnia. Abrupt exposure of resting animals to ambient CO2 levels of 10–16% often elicited avoidance reactions in the absence of any apparent change in [Formula: see text] or Tb. This study provides the first demonstration of behavioral and metabolic responses by muskrats to CO2 levels encountered in the winter microhabitat of this species.

Comment — Missed opportunities in the study of activity and body temperature of beaver (Castor canadensis)

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Bovet
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Castor Canadensis ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship

Two papers published recently in this journal have examined the relationship between patterns of activity and patterns of body temperature in free-ranging beavers in winter (D.W. Smith, R.O. Peterson, T.D. Drummer, and D.S. Sheputis, 1991. Can. J. Zool. 69: 2178–2182; and A. P. Dyck and R.A. MacArthur, 1992. Can. J. Zool. 70: 1668–1672). I argue that both papers missed their objective, owing to the use of procedures that were inadequate to detect and (or) characterize behavioral or physiological rhythms that were free-running with periods ≠ 24 h.

scholarly journals Postoperative malignant hyperthermia confirmed by calcium-induced calcium release rate after breast cancer surgery, in which prompt recognition and immediate dantrolene administration were life-saving: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsumi Miyazaki ◽  
Takayuki Kobayashi ◽  
Takako Komiya ◽  
Toshio Okada ◽  
Yusuke Ishida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Malignant Hyperthermia ◽  
Muscle Biopsy ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Calcium Release ◽  
Cancer Surgery ◽  
Breast Cancer Surgery ◽  
Body Cooling ◽  
Calcium Induced Calcium Release

Abstract Background Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare genetic disease characterized by the development of very serious symptoms, and hence prompt and appropriate treatment is required. However, postoperative MH is very rare, representing only 1.9% of cases as reported in the North American Malignant Hyperthermia Registry (NAMHR). We report a rare case of a patient who developed sudden postoperative hyperthermia after mastectomy, which was definitively diagnosed as MH by the calcium-induced calcium release rate (CICR) measurement test. Case presentation A 61-year-old Japanese woman with a history of stroke was hospitalized for breast cancer surgery. General anesthesia was introduced by propofol, remifentanil, and rocuronium. After intubation, anesthesia was maintained using propofol and remifentanil, and mastectomy and muscle flap reconstruction surgery was performed and completed without any major problems. After confirming her spontaneous breathing, sugammadex was administered and she was extubated. Thereafter, systemic shivering and masseter spasm appeared, and a rapid increase in body temperature (maximum: 38.9 °C) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) (maximum: 59 mmHg) was noted. We suspected MH and started cooling the body surface of the axilla, cervix, and body trunk, and administered chilled potassium-free fluid and dantrolene. After her body temperature dropped and her shivering improved, dantrolene administration was ended, and finally she was taken to the intensive care unit (ICU). Body cooling was continued within the target range of 36–37 °C in the ICU. No consciousness disorder, hypotension, increased serum potassium level, metabolic acidosis, or cola-colored urine was observed during her ICU stay. Subsequently, her general condition improved and she was discharged on day 12. Muscle biopsy after discharge was performed and provided a definitive diagnosis of MH. Conclusions The occurrence of MH can be life-threatening, but its frequency is very low, and genetic testing and muscle biopsy are required to confirm the diagnosis. On retrospective evaluation using the malignant hyperthermia scale, the present case was almost certainly that of a patient with MH. Prompt recognition and immediate treatment with dantrolene administration and body cooling effectively reversed a potentially fatal syndrome. This was hence a valuable case of a patient with postoperative MH that led to a confirmed diagnosis by CICR.

scholarly journals The relationship between fasting-induced torpor, sleep and waking in laboratory mice

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Ge Huang ◽  
Sarah J Flaherty ◽  
Carina A Pothecary ◽  
Russell G Foster ◽  
Stuart N Peirson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
State Classification ◽  
Metabolic Suppression ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg

Abstract Study objectives Torpor is a regulated and reversible state of metabolic suppression used by many mammalian species to conserve energy. Whereas the relationship between torpor and sleep has been well-studied in seasonal hibernators, less is known about the effects of fasting-induced torpor on states of vigilance and brain activity in laboratory mice. Methods Continuous monitoring of electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG) and surface body temperature was undertaken in adult, male C57BL/6 mice over consecutive days of scheduled restricted feeding. Results All animals showed bouts of hypothermia that became progressively deeper and longer as fasting progressed. EEG and EMG were markedly affected by hypothermia, although the typical electrophysiological signatures of NREM sleep, REM sleep and wakefulness enabled us to perform vigilance-state classification in all cases. Consistent with previous studies, hypothermic bouts were initiated from a state indistinguishable from NREM sleep, with EEG power decreasing gradually in parallel with decreasing surface body temperature. During deep hypothermia, REM sleep was largely abolished, and we observed shivering-associated intense bursts of muscle activity. Conclusions Our study highlights important similarities between EEG signatures of fasting-induced torpor in mice, daily torpor in Djungarian hamsters and hibernation in seasonally-hibernating species. Future studies are necessary to clarify the effects on fasting-induced torpor on subsequent sleep.

scholarly journals The influence of weather conditions on body temperature, milk composition and yields of the free-ranging dromedary camels in Southeastern rangelands of Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1930932
Author(s):  
Matiwos Habte ◽  
Mitiku Eshetu ◽  
Melesse Maryo ◽  
Dereje Andualem ◽  
Abiyot Legesse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Free Ranging

scholarly journals The Function of Mounts in Free-Ranging Barbary Macaques (Macaca sylvanus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Anzá ◽  
Bonaventura Majolo ◽  
Federica Amici
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Agonistic Behavior ◽  
Social Bond ◽  
Macaca Sylvanus ◽  
Barbary Macaques ◽  
The Social ◽  
Rank Difference ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractGenerally, nonreproductive sex is thought to act as “social grease,” facilitating peaceful coexistence between subjects that lack close genetic ties. However, specifc nonreproductive sexual behaviors may fulfill different functions. With this study, we aimed to test whether nonreproductive mounts in Barbary macaques are used to 1) assert dominance, 2) reinforce social relationships, and/or 3) solve conflicts. We analyzed nonreproductive mounts (N = 236) and postmount behavior in both aggressive and nonaggressive contexts, in 118 individuals belonging to two semi-free-ranging groups at La Montagne des Singes (France). As predicted by the dominance assertion hypothesis, the probability to be the mounter increased with rank difference, especially in aggressive contexts (increasing from 0.066 to 0.797 in nonaggressive contexts, and from 0.011 to 0.969 in aggressive contexts, when the rank difference was minimal vs. maximal). The strength of the social bond did not significantly predict the proportion of mounts across dyads in nonaggressive contexts, providing no support for the relationship reinforcement hypothesis. Finally, in support of the conflict resolution hypothesis, when individuals engaged in postconflict mounts, 1) the probability of being involved in further aggression decreased from 0.825 to 0.517, while 2) the probability of being involved in grooming interactions with each other increased from 0.119 to 0.606. The strength of the social bond between former opponents had no significant effect on grooming occurrence and agonistic behavior after postconflict mounts. Overall, our findings suggest that nonreproductive mounts in Barbary macaques have different functions that are not affected by the strength of the social bond.

Infant handling enhances social bonds in free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Behaviour ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 154 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 875-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica S. Dunayer ◽  
Carol M. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Early Handling ◽  
Infant Handling ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship

Throughout the primate order, individuals are highly motivated to handle infants that are not their own. Given the differing and often conflicting interests of the various participants in handling interactions (handler, infant, and mother), most functional hypotheses are specific to particular handling roles. Here we explore one hypothesis that may apply to all participants, but that has received relatively little attention: that handling may facilitate the formation and maintenance of social bonds. Using free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, we examine the relationship between infant handling in the early weeks and the strength and diversity of infant social bonds months later, when infant relationships were more independent from those of their mothers. Our results largely confirm the influence of several social characteristics (kinship, rank, sex, and age) in governing handling interactions. They also provide the first evidence that early handling is associated with later social bonds that are stronger than expected based on these social characteristics. However, the enhancement of bonds is largely confined to related handlers; frequent unrelated handlers did not generally go on to form strong bonds with infants. This suggests that kinship may be a sort of prerequisite to the enhancement of social bonds via handling. Given the adaptive benefits of strong social bonds among adult primates, future research should investigate whether early infant handling may have longer term fitness effects.

Hematologic and Blood Chemistry Reference Values for Free-ranging Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus)

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam A. Ahlers ◽  
Mark A. Mitchell ◽  
Robert L. Schooley ◽  
Edward J. Heske ◽  
Jeffrey M. Levengood
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Ondatra Zibethicus ◽  
Free Ranging

What's hot and what's not: defining torpor in free-ranging birds and mammals

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 1885-1890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert MR Barclay ◽  
Cori L Lausen ◽  
Lydia Hollis
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
The Past ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Temperature Thresholds ◽  
Radio Transmitters ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Lowered Body

With the development of small implantable data loggers and externally attached temperature-sensitive radio transmitters, increasing attention is being paid to determining the thermoregulatory strategies of free-ranging birds and mammals. One of the constraints of such studies is that without a direct measure of metabolic rate, it is difficult to determine the significance of lowered body temperatures. We surveyed the literature and found that many different definitions have been used to discriminate torpor from normothermy. Many studies use arbitrary temperature thresholds without regard for the normothermic body temperature of the individuals or species involved. This variation makes comparison among studies difficult and means that ecologically and energetically significant small reductions in body temperature may be overlooked. We suggest that normothermic body temperature for each individual animal should be determined and that torpor be defined as occurring when the body temperature drops below that level. When individuals' active temperatures are not available, a species-specific value should be used. Of greater value, however, are the depth and duration of torpor bouts. We suggest several advantages of this definition over those used in the past.

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