A versatile thermal gradient apparatus for studying thermal biology of snakes in the laboratory

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 3456-3459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick T. Gregory ◽  
Robert J. Douwens ◽  
A. G. Duncan McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Gradient ◽  
Garter Snakes ◽  
Thermal Biology ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Selection Experiments ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Term Maintenance

We present a design for a thermal gradient apparatus which allows long-term maintenance of temperature gradients which can be varied in position and in range from extremely wide to extremely narrow. The apparatus can also be used simply as a series of controlled-temperature chambers. A high degree of control of temperature along the gradient is possible. Preliminary temperature-selection experiments with garter snakes yielded results consistent with interspecific differences observed in the field.

Precise control of drug loading and release of an NSAID–polymer conjugate for long term osteoarthritis intra-articular drug delivery

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (31) ◽  
pp. 6221-6226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Sulistio ◽  
Felisa Reyes-Ortega ◽  
Asha M. D’Souza ◽  
Sarah M. Y. Ng ◽  
David Valade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Biocompatible Polymer ◽  
High Drug ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Polymer Conjugate ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
High Degree ◽  
High Drug Loading

The synthesis of biocompatible polymer diclofenac conjugates (PDCs) that have a high drug loading and high degree of control over diclofenac (DCF) release is described.

Reserve ratios tighten offshore renminbi control

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hedge Funds ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bank Of China ◽  
Downward Pressure ◽  
Direct Pressure ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Domestic Banks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
High Degree

Significance The move will have a significant immediate impact on the cost of capital in the offshore renminbi market. More importantly, it highlights the difficult balance being struck by China's financial policymakers in their need to retain a high degree of control over the process of capital account liberalisation. By intervening to disincentivise cross-border capital flows, the People's Bank of China (PBoC) is attempting to gain more leeway for a relaxed monetary policy that will support growth, while also supporting an overvalued renminbi. Impacts Downward pressure on China's forex reserves should ease slightly. Domestic banks will come under greater direct pressure to support the PBoC's monetary objectives. Other offshore renminbi financial markets such as Taipei may become subject to similar indirect administrative controls from the PBoC. Hedge funds and other institutional investors will increasingly be pitched into long-term struggle with PBoC policy moves.

scholarly journals Effects of root exudates of woody species on the soil anti-erodibility in the rhizosphere in a karst region, China

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenhong Wang ◽  
Hong Fang ◽  
Mouhui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Root Density ◽  
Karst Region ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Term Maintenance

Introduction: Rhizospheres, the most active interfaces between plants and soils, play a central role in a long-term maintenance of the biosphere. The anti-erodibility of soils (AES) regulated by the root exudates is crucial to the stability of the rhizospheres. However, scientists still remain unclear regarding the key organic matter in the root exudates to affect the AES and interspecific variation. Methods: We used an incubation of soils to test the effects of the root exudates from 8 woody plant species on a change in soil aggregation, and identified the organic matter in these root exudates with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and biochemical methods. Furthermore, the relationships between the organic matter in the exudates and the AES in the rhizosperes of the 34 additional tree species were analyzed. Results: The water-stable aggregates of the soils incubated with the root exudates increased by 15-50% on average compared with controls, and the interspecific differences were significant. The root exudates included hundreds of specific organic matter, in which hydrocarbon, total sugar, total amino acids and phenolic compounds were crucial to the AES. These types of the matter could explain about 20-75% of the variation in total effects of the root exudates on the AES quantified by aggregate status, degree of aggregation, dispersion ratio and dispersion coefficient. Discussion: Effects of the root exudates on the AES and the interspecific variation are as important as those of root density, litters and vegetation covers. A range of studies have explored the effects of root density, litters, vegetation covers and types on the AES, but little attention has been given to the effects of the root exudates on the AES. Different plants secrete the different relative contents of the organic matter resulting in the variation of the effects of the root exudates on the AES. Our study quantified the causal relationships between the root exudates and the AES from modeling experiments in laboratory to actual effects in the field, and indicated the interspecific variation of the AES and the organic matter in the root exudates. Conclusions: The study recognized more organic compounds in the exudates related to the AES. These results can enhance the understanding of the stability of the soils in a slope and be applied to ecosystem restoration.

scholarly journals Effects of root exudates of woody species on the soil anti-erodibility in the rhizosphere in a karst region, China

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Hong Wang ◽  
Hong Fang ◽  
Mouhui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Root Density ◽  
Karst Region ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Term Maintenance

Introduction: The rhizospheres, the most active interfaces between plants and soils, play a central role in a long-term maintenance of the biosphere. The anti-erodibility of soils (AES) regulated by the root exudates is crucial to the stability of the rhizospheres. However, scientists still remain unclear regarding the key organic matter in the root exudates to affect the AES and interspecific variation. Methods: We used an incubation of soils to test the effects of the root exudates from 8 woody plant species on a change in soil aggregation, and identified the organic matter in these root exudates with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and biochemical methods. Furthermore, the relationships between the organic matter in the exudates and the AES in the rhizosperes of the 34 additional tree species were analyzed. Results: The water-stable aggregates of the soils incubated with the root exudates increased by 15-50% on average compared with controls, and the interspecific differences were significant. The root exudates included hundreds of specific organic matter, in which hydrocarbon, total sugar, total amino acids and phenolic compounds were crucial to the AES. These types of the matter could explain about 20-75% of the variation in total effects of the root exudates on the AES quantified by aggregate status, degree of aggregation, dispersion ratio and dispersion coefficient. Discussion: Effects of the root exudates on the AES and the interspecific variation are as important as those of root density, litters and vegetation covers. A range of studies have explored the effects of root density, litters, vegetation covers and types on the AES, but little attention has been given to the effects of the root exudates on the AES. Different plants secrete the different relative contents of the organic matter resulting in the variation of the effects of the root exudates on the AES. Our study quantified the causal relationships between the root exudates and the AES from modeling experiments in laboratory to actual effects in the field, and indicated the interspecific variation of the AES and the organic matter in the root exudates. Conclusions: The study recognized more organic compounds in the exudates related to the AES. These results can enhance the understanding of the stability of the soils in a slope and be applied to ecosystem restoration.

scholarly journals Effects of root exudates of woody species on the soil anti-erodibility in the rhizosphere in a karst region, China

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenhong Wang ◽  
Hong Fang ◽  
Mouhui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Root Density ◽  
Karst Region ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Term Maintenance

Introduction: Rhizospheres, the most active interfaces between plants and soils, play a central role in a long-term maintenance of the biosphere. The anti-erodibility of soils (AES) regulated by the root exudates is crucial to the stability of the rhizospheres. However, scientists still remain unclear regarding the key organic matter in the root exudates to affect the AES and interspecific variation. Methods: We used an incubation of soils to test the effects of the root exudates from 8 woody plant species on a change in soil aggregation, and identified the organic matter in these root exudates with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and biochemical methods. Furthermore, the relationships between the organic matter in the exudates and the AES in the rhizosperes of the 34 additional tree species were analyzed. Results: The water-stable aggregates of the soils incubated with the root exudates increased by 15-50% on average compared with controls, and the interspecific differences were significant. The root exudates included hundreds of specific organic matter, in which hydrocarbon, total sugar, total amino acids and phenolic compounds were crucial to the AES. These types of the matter could explain about 20-75% of the variation in total effects of the root exudates on the AES quantified by aggregate status, degree of aggregation, dispersion ratio and dispersion coefficient. Discussion: Effects of the root exudates on the AES and the interspecific variation are as important as those of root density, litters and vegetation covers. A range of studies have explored the effects of root density, litters, vegetation covers and types on the AES, but little attention has been given to the effects of the root exudates on the AES. Different plants secrete the different relative contents of the organic matter resulting in the variation of the effects of the root exudates on the AES. Our study quantified the causal relationships between the root exudates and the AES from modeling experiments in laboratory to actual effects in the field, and indicated the interspecific variation of the AES and the organic matter in the root exudates. Conclusions: The study recognized more organic compounds in the exudates related to the AES. These results can enhance the understanding of the stability of the soils in a slope and be applied to ecosystem restoration.

Efficacious long-term maintenance therapy with pantoprazole (PAN) in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A613-A613
Author(s):  
P BORNMAN ◽  
K RADEBOLD ◽  
H DEBAERE ◽  
L VENTER ◽  
H HEINZE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maintenance Therapy ◽  
Zollinger Ellison Syndrome ◽  
Term Maintenance
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