Morphometric variation between populations of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg) (Homoptera: Adelgidae), in North America

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1494-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Foottit ◽  
M. Mackauer
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Multiple Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Intermediate Group ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Reliable Classification

Morphological variation in characters of the first-instar and the adult stage of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg) (Homoptera: Adelgidae), were studied. Multiple discriminant analysis and UPGMA cluster analysis of the Mahalanobis generalized distances were used to classify 18 population samples collected on five Abies species throughout the known area of distribution. The populations were separated into three distinct groups: a "Maritime" group, a "British Columbia" group, and an "intermediate" group which consisted of samples from North Carolina, Oregon, and Washington. Variables taken from the adult morph gave a more consistent and, hence, a more reliable classification than the first-instar variables. Allocation of individual specimens into the three groups, as determined by identification functions, showed that the morphological characters measured in the adult stage correctly identified 85% of the specimens.It is suggested that the observed morphological divergence between eastern and western populations of A. piceae reflects the aphid's colonization history in North America. The importance of these findings for control is noted.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) X. Field Identification of Laricobius erichsonii Rosen. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae)

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Brown ◽  
R. C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Control Program ◽  
The Past ◽  
Considerable Promise ◽  
Field Identification ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Field Workers

Over the past ten years a number of exotic predators have been introduced into New Brunswick and other parts of North America as part of a biological control program against the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). Several of these have become established and others show considerable promise. As introductions continue it becomes exceedingly important that field workers be able to distinguish rapidly all stages of introduced and native predators. Field identification characters for some species (Chamaemyiidae and Syrphidae) have been published in previous papers in this series (Brown and Clark, 1956, 1960; Clark and Brown, 1957) and have been found to be very useful.

Studies of Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae), VII. Laricobius rubidus Lec. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), a Predator of Pineus strobi (Htg.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Clark ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Control Program ◽  
The Past ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

Although Laricobius rubidus LeConte (1861, 1866) is not a common predator of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), this paper is included in the series because of the close taxonomic similarities of L. rubidus in all stages to the recently introduced L. erichsonii Rosenh. In the past there has been confusion in the literature because the majority of records of rubidus have been erroneously attributed to erichsonii. These records have been discussed in detail in a paper on L. erichsonii, a species which has been introduced into North America as part of a biological control program against A. piceae (Clark and Brown, 1958).

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF WAX DISTRIBUTION ON THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID, ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: ADELGIDAE)

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Retnakaran ◽  
Terry Ennis ◽  
Luc Jobin ◽  
Jeffrey Granett
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Hormone Analogs ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractScanning electron micrographs of balsam wooly aphid, Adelges piceae Ratz., show ribbon-like wax secretion in the dorso-median, marginal, and inter-tergal regions. Longitudinal grooves in the ribbons indicate that secretions from a row of cells fuse together to form bands of wax. Most of the ribbons appear as extensions of the tergal sclerites. Post-notal plates are conspicuous in the dormant first instar, and in the adults characteristic wax plates with crater-like pits are evident. The chemistry of wax in related species and a rationale for control using juvenile hormone analogs are discussed.

Releases in North America and Reviews of Bionomics in Europe of Insect Predators of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Adelgidae)

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 410-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Smith ◽  
H. C. Coppel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Insect Predators ◽  
Adelges Piceae

The balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), causes serious damage to balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., in Eastern Canada. It was introduced from Europe before 1900 (Balch, 1952) and has also become established in the northeastern United States. In continental Europe A. piceae is common on Abies alba Mill. but is not so serious a pest as in Canada. It has an extensive complex of insect predators in both Canada (Balch, 1934) and Europe (Delucchi, 1954). Balch (1934, 1952) found those in Canada inadequate as control agents. Some of the predators of Pineus pini Koch and Pineus strobi (Htg.) studied by Wilson (1938) in England, and recommended for introduction to new areas, were imported to Canada and released against A. piceae. Predators were first introdnced from Ensland in 1933 and later from continental Europe beginning in 1951.

BALSAM WOOLLY APHID, ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE), SEASONAL AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT IN CROWNS OF BALSAM FIR, ABIES BALSAMEA

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (10) ◽  
pp. 1411-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Shoot Tips ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Aphid Development

AbstractThe balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), in Newfoundland is dimorphic and has three generations a year in the crowns of balsam fir trees. Two generations of the sistens, or diapausing form, predominate. Progredientes are more common than elsewhere in North America and occur on nearly all parts of a branch. They do not mature on current needles. The ratio of progredientes to sistentes is about 1:40 in balsam fir flowering years and 1:80 in non-flowering years. Aphid development in the spring is earliest at flowered internodes, 11 to 14 days later at 2-year-old nodes, a further 4 to 8 days later at older nodes, and latest at the shoot tips. Intra-crown and inter-tree differences in aphid development are small but measurable. Stratification of the tree crown is required for sampling during the first aphid generation.

Responses to Light and Influence of Light and Temperature on Locomotion of the Crawler of the Balsam Woolly Aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.) (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae), and of Insect Predators of this Species

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Insect Predators ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
Made In

This is a report on observations made in the field and in the laboratory in 1954 and 1955 at Fredericton, New Brunswick, on the responses to light and influences of light and temperature on the locomotory activities of introduced insect predators and the motile first-instar larva, or crawler, of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). Adults and larvae of the predators were observed in the field and tests were conducted with adults in the laboratory. The species studied were Aphidecta obliterata (L.) and Pullus impexus (Muls.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Cremifania nigrocellulata Cz. and Neoleucopis obscura (Hal.) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) , and Laricobius erichsonii Rosenh. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae). The work is part of an investigation on factors influencing the searching abilities of the predators.

DISTRIBUTION OF FIRST INSTAR NYMPHS OF ADELGES PICEAE (HOMOPTERA: PHYLLOXERIDAE) ON BRANCHES OF BALSAM FIR, ABIES BALSAMEA, AFTER COLONIZATION

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (10) ◽  
pp. 1075-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Natural Population ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Population Unit ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Adelges Piceae

AbstractBalsam woolly aphid nymphs, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), settle primarily in the apical 3-year growth of a branch. This portion of a branch is a natural population unit that can be designated a sample universe for detailed studies of aphid survival and mortality.

A synopsis ofChaenothecain North America, including a new species from southern Ontario,C. selvae, supported by morphometric analyses

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 547-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Troy McMullin ◽  
Jose R. Maloles ◽  
Steven B. Selva ◽  
Steven G. Newmaster
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Morphometric Variation ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
A New Species

We describe and illustrate a new species of calicioid lichen from southern Ontario, Chaenotheca selvae. We place it in Chaenotheca because of its lichenized thallus with a Stichococcus photobiont, a brown mazaedium, and ascospores that are brown, spherical, and single-celled (3.0–3.6 μm in diam.). It differs from other species of Chaenotheca by its photobiont, non-ornamented ascospores, straight stalks, and producing orange-brown pruina on the mazaedium, excipulum, and upper portion of the stalk when mature. Using a detrended correspondence analysis we identified 25 taxa, including the sp. nov., analyzing 22 morphological characters. Our results provide evidence of chemical and morphometric variation among species of Chaenotheca. We also provide a key for the identification of the 25 Chaenotheca species in North America.

Comparative Analysis of Genetic and Morphological Variation within the Platanthera hyperborea Complex (Orchidaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-778
Author(s):  
Eranga Wettewa ◽  
Nick Bailey ◽  
Lisa E. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Founding Population ◽  
Multiple Origins ◽  
Geographic Structure ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
Cryptic Taxa

Abstract—Species complexes present considerable problems for a working taxonomy due to the presence of intraspecific variation, hybridization, polyploidy, and phenotypic plasticity. Understanding evolutionary patterns using molecular markers can allow for a more thorough assessment of evolutionary lineages than traditional morphological markers. In this study, we evaluated genetic diversity and phylogenetic patterns among taxa of the Platanthera hyperborea (Orchidaceae) complex, which includes diploid (Platanthera aquilonis) and polyploid (Platanthera hyperborea, P. huronensis, and P. convallariifolia) taxa spanning North America, Greenland, Iceland, and Asia. We found that three floral morphological characters overlap among the polyploid taxa, but the diploid species has smaller flowers. DNA sequence variation in a plastid (rpL16 intron) and a nuclear (ITS) marker indicated that at least three diploid species have contributed to the genomes of the polyploid taxa, suggesting all are of allopolyploid origin. Platanthera convallariifolia is most like P. dilatata and P. stricta, whereas P. huronensis and P. hyperborea appear to have originated from crosses of P. dilatata and P. aquilonis. Platanthera huronensis, which is found across North America, has multiple origins and reciprocal maternal parentage from the diploid species. By contrast, P. hyperborea, restricted to Greenland and Iceland, appears to have originated from a small founding population of hybrids in which P. dilatata was the maternal parent. Geographic structure was found among polyploid forms in North America. The area of Manitoba, Canada appears to be a contact zone among geographically diverse forms from eastern and western North America. Given the geographic and genetic variation found, we recommend continued recognition of four green-flowered species within this complex, but caution that there may be additional cryptic taxa within North America.

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