Ontogenetic changes in the daily rhythms of swimming activity and of vertical distribution in juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Walbaum)

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Guy J. Godin
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Daily Rhythms ◽  
Phototactic Response ◽  
Irregular Pattern ◽  
Salmon Fry

Pink salmon fry exhibited, on the average, an irregular daily pattern of swimming activity, and swam near the water surface at night (nocturnal rhythm of vertical distribution) during the 1st week after gravel emergence. The nocturnal rhythm of vertical distribution indicated a relative negative response of the fry to high light intensities. A shift from an irregular pattern to a diurnal rhythm of swimming activity occurred 7 to 13 day s after emergence. Coincident with this shift was an increasing tendency of the fry to swim in the upper half of the water column during daylight. This suggested a gradual weakening of the fry's negative phototactic response during the 2nd week. Thereafter, daily rhythms of swimming activity were diurnal, whereas rhythms of vertical distribution remained nocturnal. Periodogram analysis revealed that these behavioural rhythms were synchronized strongly with the artificial, daily light–dark cycle. The onset of light appeared to synchronize the diurnal swimming activity rhythms, whereas the onset of darkness synchronized the nocturnal patterns of fish rising toward the water surface.

Temporal variations in daily patterns of swimming activity and vertical distribution in juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Guy J. Godin
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Swimming Activity ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
Migratory Behaviour ◽  
Temperature Cycles

At times corresponding to their juvenile coastal and pelagic ocean phases, groups of juvenile pink salmon exhibited diel rhythms of generally diurnal swimming activity and nocturnal vertical movement in response to simulated seasonal variations in photoperiod and water temperature in the laboratory. Diurnal swimming activity was synchronized with the daily light cycle throughout most of the year, but not with ambient daily temperature cycles. On average, fish were increasingly more active during the day than at night with increasing duration of the photophase. Relative swimming speed also increased with increasing photophase duration, and was not affected by seasonal changes in temperature. The fish always showed a greater tendency to swim in the upper half of the water column during the night than during the day. This rhythm of vertical distribution was more strongly synchronized with the daily light cycle in winter than during any other season. Daily temperature cycles did not synchronize these distribution patterns. No significant seasonal trend was noted in mean levels or mean indices of vertical distribution. Results are related to the migratory behaviour of pink salmon, and it is concluded that photoperiod may be an important proximate factor in the timing of their seasonal migratory behaviour.

Orientation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) During Early Marine Migration from Bella Coola River System

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2321-2338 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Healey
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
River System ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Marine Migration ◽  
Bella Coola

During May and June 1966, the migration of pink salmon fry from the Bella Coola River was studied in Burke Channel, British Columbia. The movement of pink fry down Burke Channel was saltatory. Short periods of active migration were interspersed with longer periods when the fry did not migrate and accumulated in bays. Fry were sampled from these accumulations and their ability to orient using celestial cues was examined. During the early morning, fry tended to prefer directions at right angles to their direction of migration, but at other times of the day preferred the direction of migration. The preference for the direction of migration was strongest at midday. Fry were better oriented on clear days than on cloudy days. These data indicate that fry may use celestial cues to find directions during their oceanic migrations.

Diel vertical distribution of early marine phase juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and behaviour when exposed to salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 796-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tang ◽  
A.G. Lewis ◽  
M. Sackville ◽  
L. Nendick ◽  
C. DiBacco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Salmon Louse ◽  
Seawater Acclimation

We observed diel vertical migration patterns in juvenile pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792)) and tested the hypothesis that fish behaviour is altered by exposure to sea lice copepodids. Experiments involved replicated field deployments of a large (9 m) plankton column, which provided a vertical distribution enclosure under natural light and salinity conditions. Diel vertical distributions of juvenile pink salmon were observed during the first 3 weeks of seawater acclimation in both the presence and the absence of the ectoparasitic salmon louse ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1838)). Immediately upon entering seawater, juvenile pink salmon preferred the top 1 m of the water column, but they moved significantly deeper down the vertical water column as seawater acclimation time increased. A significant diel migration pattern was observed, which involved a preference for the surface at night-time, compared with daytime. When fish in the column were exposed to L. salmonis copepodids for 3 h, 43%–62% of fish became infected, fish expanded their vertical distribution range, and significant changes in vertical distribution patterns were observed.

Daily Patterns of Feeding Behavior, Daily Rations, and Diets of Juvenile Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in Two Marine Bays of British Columbia

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Guy J. Godin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Littoral Zone ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Harpacticoid Copepods ◽  
Additional Support

Stomach analyses showed that pink salmon fry fed mainly during daylight hours in the littoral zone of Departure Bay and Hammond Bay, British Columbia, in May. Although the diurnal feeding patterns of the fish differed slightly between the two bays, maximum mean prey biomass in the fishes' stomachs occurred near or at dusk in both bays. Daily rations consumed by Departure Bay and Hammond Bay fish were estimated to be 13.1 and 6.6% of their dry body weight, respectively. The fry consumed similar prey items in both bays, but in differing proportions. Harpacticoid copepods, copepod nauplii, and barnacle larvae comprised numerically 93.1 and 86.2% of the diets of Departure Bay and Hammond Bay fish, respectively. About 38% of the diet of Departure Bay fish and 51% of the diet of Hammond Bay fish comprised epibenthic prey, mainly harpacticoid copepods. The data provide additional support for the importance of the detritus-microbe-consumer type food chain supporting the production of pink salmon during their early period of marine residency.Key words: pink salmon, feeding behavior, daily rhythm, diet, ration, British Columbia

Bioconcentration of Chlorophenols by Early Life Stages of Fraser River Pink and Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, O. tshawytscha)

1988 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Servizi ◽  
Robert W. Gordon ◽  
John H. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Paper Mill Effluents ◽  
Salmon Fry

Abstract Chlorophenol content of emergent pink salmon fry from five natal spawning grounds and fingerling Chinook from the Fraser River was determined. Major Chlorophenols identified were pentachlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol. Sources of these compounds appear to be lumber mills using chlorophenol based fungicides and pulp and paper mill effluents. Chlorophenol content was greatest in pink salmon fry from the Thompson River (58.4 ng/g total Chlorophenols). Fingerling Chinook from the Fraser River contained 3 7.7 ng/g total Chlorophenols. The 96-hr LC50 of Woodbrite 24, a chlorophenol based fungicide to pink salmon during the egg-to-fry stage was determined to be in the 100 to 150 ug/L range. This range is about 100 times higher than average levels reported for Fraser River water.

A Hatchery Release Tank for Pink Salmon Fry With Notes on Behavior of the Fry in the Tank and After Release

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Coburn ◽  
P. McCart
Keyword(s):  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Salmon Fry

A hatchery release tank was designed which permitted the voluntary release of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) fry. Fry release was stimulated by rising temperatures and increasing turbidity. Because even relatively immature fry left the tank under these conditions, fry were released only between 0800 and 1000 hr, when both temperature and turbidity were low. After entering the stream, hatchery-produced fry appeared to behave normally. They buried themselves during daytime and, within a few days, moved downstream during the night.

Short-term Rearing of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Fry: Effect on Survival and Biomass of Returning Adults

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 554-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy M. Martin ◽  
William R. Heard ◽  
Alex C. Wertheimer
Keyword(s):  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Marine Diatoms ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Marine Survival

Survival of pink salmon (Onchorynchus gorbuscha) fry could theoretically be improved if they were reared to a larger size before being released into the estuary. Three lots of 1975-brood pink salmon fry, reared from eggs in a hatchery, were cultured in floating estuarine raceways for 30, 60, and 90 d before being released into the Little Port Walter estuary on Baranof Island, southeastern Alaska. An unfed control lot was released after emergence. Four groups of 15 000 fry each were differentially fin marked. Total marine survival for the four lots was computed from recoveries of marked adults in the Little Port Walter vicinity in 1977. Survival from release to return was lowest for the control lot (3.1%); increased for fry reared for 30 and 60 d (4.6 and 5.2%, respectively); and decreased for fry cultured for 90 d (4.3%). Mortalities in lots cultured for 60 and 90 d significantly reduced the numbers of fry released in these groups. Mortalities were associated with the marine diatoms Chaetoceros spp. Mean length and weight of returning adults declined with increased fry-rearing time. Compared with the control lot, adults from fry cultured for 30 d had 39% more biomass; adults from fry cultured for 60 d had the same biomass; and adults from fry cultured for 90 d had 45% less biomass. Culturing fry for 30 d in the raceways significantly increased the number and biomass of returning adults.Key words: short-term rearing, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, floating estuarine raceways, marine survival, biomass

Effect of incubation temperature on the development of five species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) embryos and alevins

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Murray ◽  
J. D. McPhail
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Embryo and alevin survival, time to hatching and emergence, and alevin and fry size of five species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) were observed at five incubation temperatures (2, 5, 8, 11, and 14 °C). No pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) or chum (O. keta) salmon embryos survived to hatching at 2 °C. Coho (O. kisutch) and sockeye (O. nerka) salmon had higher embryo survival at 2 °C than chinook (O. tschawytscha) salmon. At 14 °C, chum, pink, and chinook salmon had higher embryo survival than coho or sockeye salmon. In all species, peaks of embryo mortality occurred at specific developmental stages (completion of epiboly, eye pigmentation, and hatching). Alevin survival to emergence was high for all species, except for coho and pink salmon at 14 °C. Hatching and emergence time varied inversely with incubation temperature, but coho salmon hatched and emerged sooner at all temperatures than the other species. Coho and sockeye salmon alevins were larger at 2 °C, pink, chum, and chinook salmon alevins were larger at 5 and 8 °C. Coho salmon fry were larger at 2 °C, chinook and chum salmon fry were larger at 5 °C, and sockeye and pink salmon fry were larger at 8 °C. High incubation temperatures reduced fry size in all species. Each species of Pacific salmon appears to be adapted to different spawning times and temperatures, and thus indirectly to specific incubation temperatures, to ensure maximum survival and size and to maintain emergence at the most favorable time each year.

Homing Tendency and Age at Maturity of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in British Columbia

1939 ◽  
Vol 4b (4) ◽  
pp. 233-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Age At Maturity ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Transplantation Experiments

Pink salmon fry were marked by the removal of certain fins to ensure later identification as adults. This procedure does not affect the growth or the feeding reactions of the fish. Three experiments were conducted on natural runs at McClinton creek, Masset inlet, B.C. On the basis of the most significant one of these it is concluded that the majority of the fish return to spawn in the stream in which they were hatched. Isolated individuals, in numbers not economically significant, may wander to a distance of 400 miles (645 kilometres). In the case of fry resulting from transplantation experiments from Tlell river, east coast of Graham island, to McClinton creek, there appears no consistent behaviour in regard to "homing". For fry, hatchery-raised and pond-reared, from Vedder river, Swelter creek eggs, no return to the parent stream was reported. All pink salmon mature in the autumn of their second year. Certain incidental checks in growth have been discovered on scales which should not be interpreted as representing a winter.

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