A cytological description of sibling species of Simulium venustum and S. verecundum with standard maps for the subgenus Simulium Davies (Diptera)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 1110-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Rothfels ◽  
Ray Feraday ◽  
Aina Kaneps
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Circumpolar Distribution ◽  
Chromosome Maps ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
The Relationship

The paper proposes standard polytene chromosome maps for species groups in the subgenus Simulium. In the S. venustum/verecundum complex we distinguish by their chromosomes a minimum of seven sibling species designated by their IIS sequences, as follows: EFG/C (S. truncatum?) holarctic; EFG, Germany; CC (S. venustum?) North America (with probably CC 1 a separate sibling); A/C venustum, New Hampshire (with AC(gB) venustum Newfoundland probably distinct); CC 2 Ontario, Newfoundland; AA verecundum Newfoundland (with possibly A/C verecundum, Ontario distinct); and ACD (S. verecundum? = sublacustre) holarctic. Three of these taxa (EFG/C, ACD, and CC) were probably recognized by taxonomists, though the circumpolar distribution of the first two was not reliably recorded. The remaining species were not previously resolved. The chromosomal characteristics of all species are described and notes are given on available details of their biology and distribution. Some broad aspects of the relationship between cytological and taxonomic methodology in the group are discussed.

Larval distribution and succession of outlet-breeding blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in New Hampshire

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 2519-2533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Lake ◽  
John F. Burger
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Stream Flow ◽  
Specific Site ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Multiple Generations ◽  
Substrate Reduction ◽  
Larval Distribution ◽  
Simulium Decorum

Thirteen described species of outlet-breeding simuliids and five isomorphic sibling species of the Simulium venustum/verecundum complexes were collected in 1978 and 1979. Prosimulium fuscum, P. mixtum, Simulium aestivum, S. aureum, S. decorum; S. tuberosum, S. venustum (CC) and S. vernum were the most widely distributed species while S. aureum, S. decorum and S. venustum (CC) were the most abundant. Simulium decorum, S. tuberosum and S. venustum (AC(gB) and CC) were present at the same sites during both years while the remaining species varied in their occurrence at a specific site between the two years. Succession of Simulium spp. in late winter and spring was similar to that reported from other areas of northern North America. Most Simulium spp. studied were multivoltine while S. corbis, S. croxtoni and S. venustum (A/C) were univoltine. Simulium decorum had single or multiple generations, depending on the site. Larvae of S. venustum (A/C) and most species of the subgenus Eusimulium attached to trailing vegetation, while S. corbis, S. decorum, and S. tuberosum attached more frequently to submerged rocks and sticks. Prosimulium fontanum, S. gouldingi, S. venustum (CC and AC(gB)), and S. verecundum (A/C and ACD) did not demonstrate preference for a particular substrate. Reduction in stream flow affected the number of cohorts of S. aestivum and S. aureum and the number of generations per year of S. aureum and S. vernum.

EREMAEIDAE (ACARI: ORIBATIDA) OF NORTH AMERICA

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (S168) ◽  
pp. 1-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie M. Behan-Pelletier
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Sister Taxon ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe oribatid family Eremaeidae is represented in North America by two genera, Eremaeus and Eueremaeus, both widely distributed throughout the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. In North America species in both genera are found in moist to arid habitats from New Mexico to the High Arctic. Reproduction is sexual, and both immatures and adults feed mainly on fungi.Revised diagnoses are presented for the Eremaeidae and genera Eremaeus and Eueremaeus. Eighteen species of Eremaeus, of which 14 are newly proposed, and 24 species of Eueremaeus, of which 15 are newly proposed, are recognized. Identification keys are provided for the world genera of Eremaeidae, and for adults of Eremaeus and Eueremaeus of North America. All but one North American species of these genera are described, and their geographical distributions mapped.North American Eremaeus species include E. appalachicus sp. no v., E. boreomontanus sp. nov., E. brevitarsus (Ewing), E. californiensis sp. nov., E. gracilis sp. nov., E. grandis Hammer, E. kananaskis sp. nov., E. kevani sp. nov., E. megistos sp. nov., E. monticolus sp. nov., E. nortoni sp. nov., E. occidentalis sp. nov., E. oresbios sp. nov., E. plumosus Woolley, E. porosus sp. nov., E. salish sp. nov., E. translamellatus Hammer, and E. walteri sp. nov. The immatures of four of these, E. kananaskis, E. occidentalis, E. oresbios, and E. translamellatus, are described.North American Eueremaeus include Eu. acostulatus sp. nov., Eu. aridulus sp. nov., Eu. columbianus (Berlese), Eu. foveolatus (Hammer), Eu. marshalli sp. nov., Eu. masinasin sp. nov., Eu. michaeli sp. nov., Eu. nahani sp. nov., Eu. nemoralis sp. nov., Eu. proximus (Berlese) comb, nov., Eu. woolleyi (Higgins) comb, nov., Eu. yukonensis sp. nov., and three informal species groups with the following included species in North America: (1) Eu. trionus group—Eu. trionus (Higgins) comb, nov., (2) Eu. stiktos group—Eu. carinatus sp. nov., Eu. higginsi sp. nov., Eu. stiktos (Higgins) comb, nov., Eu. tetrosus (Higgins) comb, nov., (3) Eu. chiatous group—Eu. alvordensis sp. nov., Eu. aysineep sp. nov., Eu. chiatous (Higgins) comb, nov., Eu. danos sp. nov., Eu. lindquisti sp. nov., Eu. magniporosus (Wallwork) comb, nov., and Eu. osoyoosensis sp. nov. The immatures of nine of these, Eu. masinasin, Eu. nahani, Eu. carinatus, Eu. higginsi, Eu. columbianus, Eu. proximus, Eu. woolleyi, Eu. stiktos, and Eu. tetrosus, are described. Kartoeremaeus reevesi Higgins and Eremaeus politus Banks are considered junior subjective synonyms of Eueremaeus columbianus (Berlese).A cladistic analysis of the genera comprising Eremaeidae: Eremaeus, Tricheremaeus, Eueremaeus (and included species groups), Proteremaeus, Carinabella, and Asperemaeus, indicates that Eremaeus is the sister taxon of Carinabella, and that Eueremaeus is the sister taxon of Proteremaeus. Tricheremaeus is the sister taxon of Eremaeus + Carinabella, and Asperemaeus is the sister taxon of Eueremaeus + Proteremaeus. The relationship of the Eremaeidae to the Megeremaeidae and Zetorchestidae is presented. Finally, I discuss the ecology and distribution of North American species of Eremaeidae.

Geographic variation in the polytene chromosome banding pattern of the Holarctic midge Chironomus (Camptochironomus) tentans (Fabricius)

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iya I. Kiknadze ◽  
Karlygash G. Aimanova ◽  
Larissa I. Gunderina ◽  
Malcolm G. Butler ◽  
J. Kevin Cooper
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Polytene Chromosome ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Cytogenetic Analysis ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
European Populations

Polytene chromosomes of Chironomus (Camptochironomus) tentans from Europe, Siberia, and North America were examined to clarify genetic relationships among widely distributed populations of this Holarctic midge. This first extensive cytogenetic analysis of Siberian populations confirms earlier suppositions that C. tentans karyotypes are quite uniform across the Palearctic from western Europe to Yakutia. Greater differences exist among North American populations in Minnesota, Michigan, and Massachusetts, and as a group, these Nearctic populations share so few banding sequences with Palearctic C. tentans that recognition of discrete sibling species on each contintent is warranted. Photomaps of polytene chromosomes for both Palearctic and Nearctic sibling species are presented, and banding sequences are described with standardized notation. In total, 42 inversion sequences were found in the 18 Siberian populations examined, 15 of which were previously undescribed. Of the 19 sequences found in the three American populations studied, only 6 were shared with the Palearctic. Three of the seven chromosome arms in Nearctic C. tentans had no sequences in common with European populations and four shared none with Siberian populations.

scholarly journals INTERGROUP PHYLOGENIES IN DROSOPHILA AS DETERMINED BY COMPARISONS OF SALIVARY BANDING PATTERNS

Genetics ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-474
Author(s):  
Harrison D Stalker
Keyword(s):  
Homologous Chromosome ◽  
New World ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Cytological Evidence ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Chromosome Maps ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Phylogenetic Scheme

ABSTRACT A salivary gland chromosome phylogeny is presented which summarizes the evolutionary relationships of twenty-two species belonging to the sub-genus Drosophila, and members of the twelve species groups: D. melanica, D. repleta, D. carbonaria, D. polychaeta, D. annulimana, D. robusta, D. carsoni, D. virilis, D. funebris and the "picture-wing," D. mimica and D. crassifemur groups (of Hawaii).—Photographic salivary chromosome maps were prepared for all twenty-two species studied. While the chromosomes of different species belonging to the same group can usually be homologized almost completely, so that construction of intragroup phylogenies is easy, chromosomes of members of different groups are so modified structurally that in most cases only short sections can be fully homologized, and these in only one or two chromosome elements.—Broadly homologous chromosome elements were compared for three species at a time, and on the basis of overlapping homologous sections, or overlapping inversions included within homologous sections, the trio of chromosomes, and the species to which they belonged can often be arranged in a two-step phylogenetic series. Detection of many such ordered trios permits construction of a single phylogenetic scheme encompassing all species.—D. nigromelanica, of the D. melanica group is found to be chromosomally intermediate between the rest of its group and the species belonging to other groups, suggesting that it is the most nearly ancestral member of its group. When trios of species including D. nigromelanica and members of two other species groups are compared, it is found that in twelve of fourteen such comparisons the chromosomes of D. nigromelanica are structurally intermediate between those of the members of the other two species groups, indicating the central position of D. nigromelanica in the phylogeny as a whole.—Available cytological evidence indicates that among the nine continental groups studied, it is the D. robusta group which is chromosomally closest to the Hawaiian "picture-wing" groups. Among the members of the Hawaiian groups it is D. primaeva and D. attigua which are found to be closest to the continental species. This finding tends to confirm the earlier conclusion of Carson and Stalker, based on different evidence, that the above two species were in an ancestral position in the Hawaiian phylogeny.—The relationship of the D. robusta and D. melanica groups demonstrated in this paper, the phylogenies within each of these two groups earlier worked out by Narayanan and by Stalker, and the present geographical distributions of the species within them, require that at least three Asiatic–New World migrations must have occurred during the evolution of the two groups.

Comparative morphology of the Australian lynx spiders of the genus Oxyopes (Araneae : Oxyopidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor R. Townsend Jr ◽  
Bruce E. Felgenhauer ◽  
Judy F. Grimshaw
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
African Species ◽  
Representative Species ◽  
Species Groups

We examined the morphology of the genitalia and cuticular scales of eight species of Australian lynx spiders of the genus Oxyopes and compared them with those of representative species from Africa, Asia and North America. Our results indicate that the eight species examined are representative of two distinct species groups of Oxyopes in Australia. The first group consists ofO. amoenus, O. dingo, O. gracilipes, O. molarius, O. rubicundus, and O. variabilis. The evolutionary origin of these spiders is difficult to discern as they share multiple genitalic characters with African and Asian taxa. However, these six species display two characters, leg scales and internal cuticular elements in the opisthosomal scales, that are exhibited by African, but not Asian, taxa. The second group consists of Oxyopes macilentus and O. papuanis. These taxa exhibit many of the same morphological features, exhibited by Asian, but not African, species.

A REVISION OF THE SYSTEMATICS OF ACALYMMA SENSU STRICTO BARBER (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA INCLUDING MEXICO

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (S112) ◽  
pp. 1-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.D. Munroe ◽  
Ray F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Subspecies ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Species Groups

AbstractThe systematics of Acalymma sensu stricto of North America including Mexico are revised. Acalymma sensu stricto is defined and distinguished from the other species groups of Acalymma. Sixteen species are discussed including four new species: A. blomorum, A. palomarense, A. invenustum, and A. luridifrons all from Mexico. Three new subspecies of A. blandulum (LeConte) are described: blandulum (LeConte) new status, nigriventre, and yucatanense. Acalymma coruscum costaricense Bechyné is placed as a synonym of A. innubum (Fabricius). Keys are presented to all species and subspecies. Habitus and male genitalia drawings are given for all species and distribution maps are given where appropriate.

Historical and phenological observations on the spread of Chaenorrhinum minus across North America

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark P. Widrlechner
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Reproductive Maturity ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Dispersal Mechanism ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The Relationship

Through a review of floristic and taxonomic literature and an examination of over 1500 herbarium specimens, this report documents the rapid spread of Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange along railroads across North America. The relationship between C. minus and railroads is described and phenological data on flowering and fruiting are presented. The combination of an effective dispersal mechanism and the rapid onset of reproductive maturity contributes to the species' adaptive success.

Expansions and contractions of the genetic map relative to the physical map of yeast chromosome III

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 595-604
Author(s):  
L S Symington ◽  
T D Petes
Keyword(s):  
Gene Conversion ◽  
Restriction Site ◽  
Physical Map ◽  
Minimum Length ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Yeast Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Maps ◽  
Chromosome Iii ◽  
The Relationship

To examine the relationship between genetic and physical chromosome maps, we constructed a diploid strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae heterozygous for 12 restriction site mutations within a 23-kilobase (5-centimorgan) interval of chromosome III. Crossovers were not uniformly distributed along the chromosome, one interval containing significantly more and one interval significantly fewer crossovers than expected. One-third of these crossovers occurred within 6 kilobases of the centromere. Approximately half of the exchanges were associated with gene conversion events. The minimum length of gene conversion tracts varied from 4 base pairs to more than 12 kilobases, and these tracts were nonuniformly distributed along the chromosome. We conclude that the chromosomal sequence or structure has a dramatic effect on meiotic recombination.

Isthmiella faullii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Needle Blight ◽  
Juvenile Plants

Abstract A description is provided for Isthmiella faullii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Apparently confined to Abies balsamea. DISEASE: Causes a needle blight of Abies balsamea. According to Darker (1932), it 'is the commonest and most destructive of the Hypodermataceae on Abies balsamea in eastern North America'. It is particularly damaging to seedlings and juvenile plants. In northern Ontario, from where the disease was originally identified, infection occurs during the summer, but signs of the disease do not appear until the following spring, when needles become brown and conidiomata develop, conidia being discharged in July, and shortly after this ascomata begin to form, maturing in July of the following year. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from Canada: Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec and USA: Michigan and New Hampshire. TRANSMISSION: Through air dispersal of ascospores, which directly infect the leaves (Darker, 1932).

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