Reduced blood O2 affinity associated with air breathing in osteoglossid fishes

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 891-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Johansen ◽  
C. P. Mangum ◽  
R. E. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Striking Difference ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Arapaima Gigas ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Hypoxic Water ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hb Concentration ◽  
Freshwater Teleosts

Respiratory properties of blood in two closely related species of tropical freshwater teleosts, the osteoglossids Arapaima gigas, an obligatory air breather, and Osteoglossum bieirrhosum, an exclusive water breather, have been compared. Additionally, the O2 uptake rates (VO2) and breathing responses to hypoxic water were compared.The two species had similar values of hematocrit, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and O2, capacity, these being 28%, 7.5 g/100 ml, and 11.0 ml/100 ml for Osteoglossum and 30.8%, 7.5 g/100 ml, and 10.4 ml/100 ml for Arapaima. Red cell ATP and GTP levels were also similar in both species.A striking difference existed in the O2 affinity of red cell suspensions with a P50 value of 6.1 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa) at pH 7.4 (28 °C) for Osteoglossum against 21.0 mmHg for Arapaima. The difference persisted after purification and stripping of the hemoglobins of their red cell cofactors. We conclude that the O2-binding properties of the hemoglobin molecules in the two species are intrinsically different. The low O2 affinity in the air-breathing Arapaima permits O2 unloading at relatively high [Formula: see text]'s thus supporting a high [Formula: see text]. The high O2 affinity in Osteoglossum is necessary for Hb to function in O2 transport from a very hypoxic medium.

The partitioning of oxygen uptake from air and from water by the large obligate air-breathing teleost pirarucu (Arapaima gigas)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 974-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Don Stevens ◽  
George F. Holeton
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Anoxic Water ◽  
Arapaima Gigas ◽  
Hypoxic Water

Pirarucu, weighing 2 to 3 kg, ventilated their gills 16 to 24 times per minute and ventilated their lungs every 1 to 2 min. Average oxygen uptake from water was 23 mg∙h−1∙kg−1; average oxygen uptake from air was 80 mg∙h−1∙kg−1. That is, in normoxic water they obtain about 75% of their oxygen from air, and never less than 50% from air. In hypoxic water the fraction from air increases, ultimately to 100% in anoxic water.

scholarly journals The Transition to Air Breathing in Fishes: III. Effects of Body Size and Aquatic Hypoxia on the Aerial Gas Exchange of the Swamp Eel Synbranchus Marmoratus

1984 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 357-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEFFREY B. GRAHAM ◽  
TROY A. BAIRD
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Aquatic Respiration ◽  
Environmental Selection ◽  
Blood Haemoglobin ◽  
Hypoxic Water ◽  
Breath Co2 ◽  
Hb Concentration ◽  
Swamp Eel ◽  
Exchange Surface

Synbranchus marmoratus (Bloch) breathes air during terrestrial excursions and while dwelling in hypoxic water and utilizes its gills and adjacent buccopharyngeal epithelium as an air-breathing organ (ABO). This fish uses gills and skin for aquatic respiration in normoxic (air-saturated) water but when exposed to progressive aquatic hypoxia it becomes a metabolic O2 conformer until facultative air breathing is initiated. The threshold PwOO2 (aquatic O2 tension or partial pressure in mmHg) that elicits air breathing in S. marmoratus is higher in larger fish. However, neither air-breathing threshold nor the blood haemoglobin (Hb) concentration of this species were changed following hypoxia (PwOO2 < 20 mmHg) acclimation. In hypoxic water S. marmoratus supplies all of its metabolic O2 requirement through air breathing. ABO volume scales with body weight raised to the power of 0.737 and the amount of O2 that is removed from each air breath depends upon the length of time it is held in the ABO. Ambient PwOO2 directly affects the air-breath duration of this fish, but the effect is smaller than in other species. Also, average air-breath duration (15.7 min at PwOO2 0–20 mmHg) and the average inter-air-breath interval (15.1 min) of S. marmoratus are both longer than those of other air-breathing fishes. Although the gills of S. marmoratus are involved in aerial O2 uptake, expelled air-breath CO2 levels are not high and always closely correspond to ambient PwCOCO2, indicating that virtually no respiratory CO2 is released to air by this fish. CO2 extrusion therefore must occur aquatically either continuously across another exchange surface or intermittently across the gills during intervals between air breaths. This study with S. marmoratus from Panama reveals physiological differences between this population and populations in South America. The greater Hb content of South American S. marmoratus may be the result of different environmental selection pressures.

Studi Eksegetis Yohanes 1:1-18 Sebagai Apologetik Terhadap Kristologi Saksi Yehuwa

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
Pangeran Manurung
Keyword(s):  
Striking Difference ◽  
Human Being ◽  
John 1 ◽  
Jehovah’S Witnesses ◽  
Jehovah's Witnesses ◽  
Jehovah's Witness ◽  
Search Results ◽  
The Bible ◽  
God The Father ◽  
The Difference

Eksegesa John 1 : 1-18 shows that the Jehovah's Witness teachings deviate from the truth of the Bible and dangerous for Christians . The danger Christology of Jehovah's Witnesses should be bringing us to the prudence and discretion to reject it . It can be said that Jehovah's Witnesses do not include Christianity in accordance with the search results against their teachings . first ; they do not recognize the Bible that has been issued by the Indonesian National Bible Institute and consider if the Bible has too much harm to use their own New Translation of the Holy Scriptures that have been proven not a translation , but just a collection of interpretations and teachings of their leader alone . second ; Jehovah's Witnesses do not acknowledge Jesus as Lord and Savior only . They simply believe that salvation is obtained through belief in Jehovah and his kingdom and perform service message and follow the trial associations .                Before errors interfere Christology Christology of Jehovah's Witnesses Bible , please note that the topic of Christology is the difference between Christianity and other religions . This discussion has also become one of the topics that face many attacks from the outside or from within Christianity , either in the form of religion , philosophy , and ideology . The debate on this topic appeared since the beginning of Christianity , and give rise to a long and complex debate for nearly three centuries ( 300 years ) !! . Such debates will continue to exist throughout the period and just a rehash issues that had once appeared . And Christians should study the various debates and views of the ever emerging that are not easily fooled by the views back to this era .Eksegesa John 1 : 1-18 has been done and produce a biblical Christology and biblical correct . The truth is not in doubt because of the analysis conducted in accordance with the procedures and rules that apply in general . Now if Christology Christology of John compared with Jehovah's Witnesses, it will show a striking difference . Once observed , Christology Witnesses builds upon the interpretation of individuals who previously have had a negative Christological doctrine .                Conclusion those who think that Jesus is the firstborn of Creation ; Jesus was a human being ; Jesus is God in creating a peer ; Jesus lower than God , Jesus is the Angel Gabriel , and other Christological doctrine which basically degrading nature of Christ is a form of insult to the majesty of Christ . The Bible clearly and emphatically teaches that Christ is God incarnate , private alpha and omega , the creator of all that exists , and the equivalent of God the Father . Summing Christ as superior human or clear eldest creation is false teachings . The followers of Jehovah's Witnesses must repent. Amen

scholarly journals Comparative anatomical and histological research of the roots of Rheum Palmatum L. And Rheum Officinale B.

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 155-159
Author(s):  
Ksenia N. Semenyuta ◽  
Anna A. Shmygareva ◽  
Anatoly N. Sankov
Keyword(s):  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Histochemical Reaction ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Rheum Palmatum ◽  
Anthracene Derivatives ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Difference

Introduction. The aim of the study is to perform the anatomical and histological analysis of the roots of Rheum palmatum L. and Rheum officinale B., and also to check histochemical reactions for the presence of anthracene derivatives. Material and methods. The methodological basis of the anatomical and histological studies was the standard method for the preparation of micro-preparations of roots of Rheum palmatum L. and Rheum officinale B. described in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition (OFS.1.5.3.003.15). Results and discussion. Anatomical and histological studies of Rheum palmatum L. and Rheum officinale B. raw materials confirmed the roots of Rheum palmatum L. to have classical secondary structure, while the roots of Rheum officinale B. have classical primary structure. The histochemical reaction to anthracene derivatives with 10% alkali solution was carried out, it resulted in cherry-red staining of core rays and some structures of cortical parenchyma of the fragment of Rheum palmatum L., while the roots of Rheum officinale B. failed to stain. Conclusions. The anatomical and histological studies of the rhizomes and roots of Rheum palmatum L. and Rheum officinale B. demonstrate the difference in the structure of closely related species of plants. It makes possible to identify the medicinal raw material of these plants.

scholarly journals Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among primigravida, in Karnataka

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 5448
Author(s):  
Vani Srinivas ◽  
T. L. N. Prasad ◽  
Rajesh T. Patil ◽  
Sunil D. Khaparde
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
General Population ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Difference

Background: Karnataka is one of the six high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalent states in India. We estimated prevalence among primigravida attending antenatal clinics in Karnataka, assuming this as a proxy for HIV incidence level in the general population.Methods: We tried estimating prevalence among primigravida using cross sectional samples. Data was collected in structured data extraction sheet for the month of September 2011, from all Integrated and Counselling tested Centres (ICTCs) of Karnataka. All the pregnant women were tested as per national protocol. We analysed the basic demographic data, geographical distribution including HIV status of spouse of primigravida.Results: In September 2011, 87580, pregnant women were tested and 238 (0.26%) were found HIV positive of which, 95 (40%) were primigravida. Prevalence among primigravida, was 0.3%. The prevalence among primigravida was highest in Bagalkot (1.6%) district. In Yadgir, Kodagu and Udupi the prevalence was zero. The high prevalent blocks were Jamakhandi, Mudhol, Gokak, Hospet and Muddebihal. 73.7% spouse of positive primigravida were tested for HIV and among those tested, 87.1% were found HIV positive.Conclusions: There is striking difference in the prevalence of HIV among primigravida in different districts of Karnataka probably indicates the difference in effectiveness of preventive interventions in these districts and within blocks. The preventive programs should be reached out to the labourer's and farmers in the general population to prevent the new infections in the general population.

scholarly journals Influence of Early Bladder Imaging in Experimental Rabbits on the Quantitative Determination of Glomerular Filtration Rate by the Gates Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Changyin Wang ◽  
Shun Li ◽  
Chun Gao ◽  
Wasili Maimaiti ◽  
Qisheng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Renal Uptake ◽  
Quantitative Calculation ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Baseline Status ◽  
The Difference

Objective. To investigate the influence of early bladder imaging (EBI) in experimental rabbits on the quantitative calculation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by the Gates method. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the data of dynamic renal scintigraphy (DRS) in experimental rabbits. We calculated renal uptake during minutes 1-2 and 2-3 by correcting bladder radioactivity and computed the split GFR by renal uptake. Then, the EBI and GFR between 1-2 min and 2-3 min were compared, respectively. Results. The EBI proportion (57.3%) at 2-3 min of DRS was higher than that (8.5%) at 1-2 min ( P < 0.05 ). The correlations between the 1-2 min and 2-3 min uptake rates of unobstructed kidneys after correction ( r = 0.952 ‐ 0.979 ) were higher than those before correction ( r = 0.859 ‐ 0.936 ). However, the correlation between the two in obstructed kidneys was not improved ( r before = 0.967 versus r after = 0.968 ). For unobstructed kidneys, the difference in GFR based on 2-3 min uptake between before and after correction was significant ( P < 0.05 ), but not in obstructed kidneys ( P > 0.05 ). For GFR based on 1-2 min uptake, the difference between before and after correction was not significant in obstructed or unobstructed kidneys ( P > 0.05 ). Before correction, the GFR of unobstructed kidneys of 10.5% of the rabbits in the protein load test was lower than that in the baseline status, but not so after correction. Conclusion. The 2-3 min EBI on DRS has a significant influence on the GFR calculated by the Gates method in experimental rabbits. Controlling water intake or calculating the GFR by 1-2 min renal uptake helps to avoid the influence of EBI on GFR.

Oxygen transport during exercise in large mammals. I. Adaptive variation in oxygen demand

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 862-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Jones ◽  
K. E. Longworth ◽  
A. Lindholm ◽  
K. E. Conley ◽  
R. H. Karas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Tissue Resistance ◽  
Capillary Bed ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hb Concentration ◽  
O2 Delivery ◽  
Arterial Po2

This study investigated mechanisms used by horses and steers to increase O2 uptake and delivery (VO2) from resting to maximal rates and identified the mechanisms that enable horses to achieve higher maximal rates of O2 consumption (VO2max) than steers. VO2 and circulatory variables were measured while Standardbred trotting horses and steers (450-kg body mass) stood quietly and ran on a treadmill at speeds up to those eliciting VO2max. As VO2 increased in both species, heart rate and circulating hemoglobin (Hb) concentration increased, thereby increasing O2 delivery by the circulation, while cardiac stroke volume remained unchanged. At VO2max arterial PCO2 increased from its resting value in horses but was unchanged in steers, and arterial PO2 decreased in both species. Although the horses hypoventilated and were hypoxemic at VO2max, no significant decrease in arterial Hb saturation occurred. VO2max of the horses was 2.6 times higher than that of the steers and was associated with a 100% larger cardiac output, 100% larger stroke volume, and 40% higher Hb concentration, whereas heart rates at VO2max were identical in the two species. The higher cardiac output of the horses at VO2max resulted from a 1.2-fold higher mean arterial pressure and 1.6-fold lower peripheral tissue resistance (associated with a larger skeletal muscle capillary bed). Both the magnitude of the difference in VO2max between horses and steers and the mechanisms used to achieve it are the same as observed in smaller pairs of mammalian species with large variation in aerobic capacity.

Neuropeptide Y release from human heart is enhanced during prolonged exercise in hypoxia

1994 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 1346-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kaijser ◽  
J. Pernow ◽  
B. Berglund ◽  
J. Grubbstrom ◽  
J. M. Lundberg
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Coronary Sinus ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Arterial O2 Saturation ◽  
Net Release ◽  
Coronary Sinus Blood

To evaluate the effect of hypoxemia on cardiac release of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) and norepinephrine (NE), arterial and coronary sinus blood was sampled and coronary sinus blood flow was measured by thermodilution in nine healthy volunteers at rest and during supine cycle ergometer exercise while they breathed air and 12% O2, which reduced arterial O2 saturation to approximately 68%. Five subjects started to exercise for 30 min breathing air and continued for 30 min breathing 12% O2; four subjects breathed 12% O2 and air in the reverse order. The load was adjusted to give the same heart rate during O2 and air breathing. No significant cardiac net release of NPY-LI or NE was seen at rest. Exercise induced release of NPY-LI and NE. The net release of NPY-LI was 0.7 +/- 0.4 pmol/min during air breathing (average 12 and 30 min) and 2.8 +/- 0.6 pmol/min during 12% O2 breathing. The difference was not influenced by the order of the breathing periods. The NE coronary sinus-arterial difference was not significantly different between 12% O2 and air breathing, whereas the net release was significantly larger during 12% O2 breathing (0.6 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.4 +/- 0.1 nmol/min). Thus, NPY is released with NE from the heart during exercise. Arterial hypoxemia seems to be an additional stimulus of preferential NPY release.

scholarly journals Iron absorption from rice meals cooked with fortified salt containing ferrous sulphate and ascorbic acid

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Sayers ◽  
S. R. Lynch ◽  
R. W. Charlton ◽  
T. H. Bothwell ◽  
R. B. Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
Ferrous Sulphate ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
Cooking Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean

1. Iron absorption from rice-containing meals was measured by red cell utilization of radioactive Fe in sixty-six volunteer multiparous Indian women.2. In all the studies salt added during the cooking process was used as the carrier for supplemental inorganic Fe and ascorbic acid.3. Intrinsic Fe in the rice and supplementary inorganic Fe were absorbed to the same extent, with a wide range of absorption values.4. There was a striking difference between the mean absorption of a 3 mg dose of ferrous Fe given to fasting subjects in a solution containing 30 mg ascorbic acid and that of Fe in a rice meal (48.7 and 3.5% respectively).5. When ascorbic acid was added during cooking there was a threefold increase in the absorption of both intrinsic Fe and supplementary Fe when a sufficient quantity (60 mg) was present.6. It is concluded that the Fe nutrition of rice-eating communities could be improved significantly by the addition of ascorbic acid to the diet.

SOME ASPECTS OF THE ENZYMIC HYDROLYSIS OF URINARY 17-KETOSTEROID CONJUGATES

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 769-776
Author(s):  
R. Hobkirk ◽  
J. J. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Degree Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Bacterial Preparation ◽  
Bacterial Enzyme ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Normal Urine ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Four enzyme preparations containing β-glucuronidase, of bacterial, mammalian, and molluscan origin, have been shown to be equally effective in liberating 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) of the 5β-(etiocholane) configuration in normal urine. The bacterial preparation releases steroids of the 5α-(androstane) configuration more rapidly than do the molluscan enzymes and with much greater ease than does the liver enzyme. In view of the data obtained it seems unlikely that the striking difference between the bacterial and liver enzymes can be due to the hydrolysis of some labile conjugate, such as sulphate, by the former and not by the latter. Possibilities that the difference is due to the hydrolysis of an unknown type of urinary conjugate by the bacterial preparation, or to the low specificity of the bacterial β-glucuronidase, are discussed. The high degree of hydrolysis of 17-KS conjugates by the bacterial enzyme followed by solvolysis suggests this as a most useful hydrolytic procedure.

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