Systematics of western North American trout (Salmo), with notes on the redband trout of Sheepheaven Creek, California

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1858-1873 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Gold
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Nominal Species ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
The North ◽  
Redband Trout ◽  
Phyletic Line ◽  
Biochemical Genetic ◽  
Salmo Clarki ◽  
The North Pacific

Phyletic relationships among the six nominal species of western North American trout (genus Salmo), and a yet unnamed form, the redband trout, are discussed in light of present knowledge of zoogeography, morphology, karyology, and genetic similarity. Also included is a description of redband trout from Sheepheaven Creek, California. Redband trout and Kern River golden trout, Salmo aguabonita, are closely related phyletically. They both possess the same chromosome and chromosome arm number, resemble each other in several meristic characters and in external coloration and spotting, and share the same fixed or most common allele at several biochemical–genetic loci. Zoogeographic considerations are not inconsistent with the hypothesis that a redband – S. aguabonita line evolved from an ancestral trout radiating from the North Pacific. It is suggested that the closest living relative to the redband – S. aguabonita line is the rainbow trout. Salmo gairdneri. The cutthroat trouts, Salmo clarki, may be an earlier divergence from this same phyletic line. The Apache trout, Salmo apache, is considered more distantly related to S. clarki than has been previously suggested.

scholarly journals Contrastive Influence of ENSO and PNA on Variability and Predictability of North American Winter Precipitation

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (19) ◽  
pp. 6271-6284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofan Li ◽  
Zeng-Zhen Hu ◽  
Ping Liang ◽  
Jieshun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
North American ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
The North ◽  
Remote Forcing ◽  
The North Pacific

Abstract In this work, the roles of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the variability and predictability of the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern and precipitation in North America in winter are examined. It is noted that statistically about 29% of the variance of PNA is linearly linked to ENSO, while the remaining 71% of the variance of PNA might be explained by other processes, including atmospheric internal dynamics and sea surface temperature variations in the North Pacific. The ENSO impact is mainly meridional from the tropics to the mid–high latitudes, while a major fraction of the non-ENSO variability associated with PNA is confined in the zonal direction from the North Pacific to the North American continent. Such interferential connection on PNA as well as on North American climate variability may reflect a competition between local internal dynamical processes (unpredictable fraction) and remote forcing (predictable fraction). Model responses to observed sea surface temperature and model forecasts confirm that the remote forcing is mainly associated with ENSO and it is the major source of predictability of PNA and winter precipitation in North America.

A Review of the Morid Fish Genus Halargyreus with First Records from the Western North Atlantic

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 877-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfred Templeman
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nominal Species ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
North Central ◽  
Northeast Atlantic ◽  
The North

Three specimens of Halargyreus johnsonii taken on the southwestern and southeastern slopes of the Grand Bank in 1959 and 1964 are apparently the first records of this species and genus from the western Atlantic. These specimens are compared with the holotypes of H. johnsonii Günther and of H. brevipes Vaillant and with the syntypes of H. affinis Collett and also with specimens identified as H. affinis from the north-central and northeast Atlantic and with specimens of H. johnsonii from Madeira and New Zealand. These three nominal species are also compared. Is it concluded that for the present all North Atlantic specimens may be referred to H. johnsonii and that the other two species names should be considered as junior synonyms of H. johnsonii.The New Zealand specimens of Halargyreus, described by Günther (1887, Challenger Rept., 22(Zoology), p. 1–268) as H. johnsonii, have higher numbers for some meristic characters than Atlantic specimens of H. johnsonii but these differences are not too great to be possibly due to environmental differences. Pending the study of additional specimens in better condition, these New Zealand specimens are tentatively allowed to remain as H. johnsonii.

Key Role of the North Pacific Oscillation–West Pacific Pattern in Generating the Extreme 2013/14 North American Winter

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (20) ◽  
pp. 8109-8117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Baxter ◽  
Sumant Nigam
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
North Pacific Oscillation ◽  
Winter Climate ◽  
West Pacific ◽  
The North ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
The North Pacific

Abstract The 2013/14 boreal winter (December 2013–February 2014) brought extended periods of anomalously cold weather to central and eastern North America. The authors show that a leading pattern of extratropical variability, whose sea level pressure footprint is the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and circulation footprint the West Pacific (WP) teleconnection—together, the NPO–WP—exhibited extreme and persistent amplitude in this winter. Reconstruction of the 850-hPa temperature, 200-hPa geopotential height, and precipitation reveals that the NPO–WP was the leading contributor to the winter climate anomaly over large swaths of North America. This analysis, furthermore, indicates that NPO–WP variability explains the most variance of monthly winter temperature over central-eastern North America since, at least, 1979. Analysis of the NPO–WP related thermal advection provides physical insight on the generation of the cold temperature anomalies over North America. Although NPO–WP’s origin and development remain to be elucidated, its concurrent links to tropical SSTs are tenuous. These findings suggest that notable winter climate anomalies in the Pacific–North American sector need not originate, directly, from the tropics. More broadly, the attribution of the severe 2013/14 winter to the flexing of an extratropical variability pattern is cautionary given the propensity to implicate the tropics, following several decades of focus on El Niño–Southern Oscillation and its regional and far-field impacts.

Revision of North American Species of Udea Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (S49) ◽  
pp. 5-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Munroe
Keyword(s):  
Northwest Territories ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
North American ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Nominal Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae

AbstractThe North American species of Udea are revised on the basis of about 2500 specimens, with strongest representation in the difficult itysalis group. Twenty-three species and an additional 19 subspecies are recognized. Of these, the following six species and 18 additional subspecies are described as new: U. washingtonalis hollandi, interior B.C. and Mont.; U. w. nomensis, Alaska; U. w. pribilofensis, Pribilof Is.; U. indistinctalis johnstoni, Wash., ? Sask.; U. brevipalpis, Colo., Utah and ? Calif.; U. cacuminicola, Colo., Wyo.; U. beringialis, Yukon, Alaska; U. derasa, B.C.; U. livida, B.C., Wash., Utah; U. turmalis catronalis, N. Mex.; U. i. tularensis, Tulare Co., Calif.; U. t. griseor, Calif.; U. itysalis mertensialis, N.S.; U. i. rindgeorum, Tooele Co., Utah; U. i. kodiakensis, Alaska; U. i. albimontanensis, Ariz., N. Mex.; U. i. durango, Colo., Utah; U. i. wasatchensis, central Utah; U. i. clarkensis, southern Nev., Calif.; U. i. marinensis, San Francisco Bay region, Calif.; U. abstrusa subarctica, Northwest Territories, Yukon; U. abstrusa abstrusa, Alta., Sask., Man.; U. a. cordilleralis, Wyo., Colo., Utah, N. Mex.; U. a. pullmanensis, Wash. Five nominal species are transferred from other genera to Udea: Botis octosignalis Hulst, from Pyrausta; Ebulea straminea Warren, from Calamochrous; Botis vacunalis Grote, from Pyrausta; Phlyctaenia rusticalis Barnes and McDunnough and P. berberalis Barnes and McDunnough. U. straminea (Warren) is synonymized with U. octosignalis (Hulst) and U. galactalis (Dyar) with U. vacunalis (Grote). U. turmalis (Grote) is separated specifically from U. itysalis (Walker). Phiyctaenia angustalis Barnes and McDunnough is transferred from Udea to Evergestis.

scholarly journals Hybridization between Cutthroat and Rainbow Trout: Evidence from Biochemical Genetic Loci

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 108-112
Author(s):  
Eric Loudenslager ◽  
G. Gall
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Isolating Mechanisms ◽  
Biochemical Genetic ◽  
Salmo Clarki

Cutthroat, Salmo clarki, and rainbow, Salmo gairdneri, trout are largely allopatric, closely related species. Where naturally sympatric ecological isolating mechanisms maintain species identity. However, the inland subspecies of cutthroat trout which did not evolve in sympatry with rainbows are thought to freely hybridize with rainbow trout which have been introduced for recreational purposes. Because of the mass introductions of rainbow trout fish managers have become increasingly concerned about the purity of the dwindling stocks of native cutthroats.

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