CYTOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SPECIATION IN TWO NORTH AMERICAN TELEOSTS, SALMO GAIRDNERI and SALMO CLARKI LEWISI

1963 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond C. Simon ◽  
Alexander M. Dollar
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Salmo Clarki

Systematics of western North American trout (Salmo), with notes on the redband trout of Sheepheaven Creek, California

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1858-1873 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Gold
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Nominal Species ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
The North ◽  
Redband Trout ◽  
Phyletic Line ◽  
Biochemical Genetic ◽  
Salmo Clarki ◽  
The North Pacific

Phyletic relationships among the six nominal species of western North American trout (genus Salmo), and a yet unnamed form, the redband trout, are discussed in light of present knowledge of zoogeography, morphology, karyology, and genetic similarity. Also included is a description of redband trout from Sheepheaven Creek, California. Redband trout and Kern River golden trout, Salmo aguabonita, are closely related phyletically. They both possess the same chromosome and chromosome arm number, resemble each other in several meristic characters and in external coloration and spotting, and share the same fixed or most common allele at several biochemical–genetic loci. Zoogeographic considerations are not inconsistent with the hypothesis that a redband – S. aguabonita line evolved from an ancestral trout radiating from the North Pacific. It is suggested that the closest living relative to the redband – S. aguabonita line is the rainbow trout. Salmo gairdneri. The cutthroat trouts, Salmo clarki, may be an earlier divergence from this same phyletic line. The Apache trout, Salmo apache, is considered more distantly related to S. clarki than has been previously suggested.

Food Specialization By Individual Trout

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1615-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Bryan ◽  
P. A. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Potential Prey ◽  
Repeated Observation ◽  
Size Growth ◽  
Salmo Clarki

Analyses of stomach contents showed that the kinds of prey eaten by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki), and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were seldom distributed at random among the individuals. Repeated observation of food eaten by individuals in a stream and ponds showed that prey types were eaten in proportions which were characteristic for an individual.Specialization occurred on several different kinds of prey. Although the degree of specialization was higher during shorter intervals, the data suggested that some specialization persisted for half a year. There were no striking correlations between degree of specialization and other individual properties such as size, growth rate, weight of food, number of food items, previous specialization, or area of recapture.In addition to the observations on trout in relatively undisturbed habitats, a field experiment was conducted using laboratory-reared rainbow trout held in small ponds. The food of each trout in the experiment was sampled repeatedly. In analysis of variance, interaction among the individuals and kinds of prey eaten showed that food specialization occurred. Both the absolute and relative abundance of potential prey were constant during the experiment.

Liver Glycogen Reserves of Interacting Resident and Introduced Trout Populations

1961 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Hochachka
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Introduced Populations ◽  
Wild Trout ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Glycogen Stores ◽  
Salmo Clarki

Three groups of trout, two introduced populations of Salmo gairdneri and a resident Salmo clarki, were studied in stream sections. Liver glycogen deposits, which were reduced to low levels during transportation to the stream, were restored in 2 to 3 weeks in all groups, with recovery rates being approximately inverse to the population density. Within the hatchery groups, larger fish laid down greater glycogen stores. Wild trout maintained their high glycogen reserves throughout the experiment.

The taxonomy of Gyrodactylus (Monogenea) parasitizing certain salmonid fishes of North America, with a description of Gyrodactylus nerkae n. sp.

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 2587-2597 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Cone ◽  
M. Beverley-Burton ◽  
M. Wiles ◽  
T. E. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
North America ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Type Material ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Salmonid Fishes ◽  
Diagnostic Key ◽  
Salmo Clarki

Specimens of Gyrodactylus Nordmann, 1832, both newly collected and deposited type material, from cultured and wild salmonid fishes from various localities in North America, are compared and five species are recognized: G. salmonis Yin and Sproston, 1948 status emended, on Salmo clarki, S. salar, S. aguabonita, S. gairdneri, S. trutta, Salvelinus fontinalis, S. namaycush, and Oncorhynchus kisutch from several localities throughout the continent; Gyrodactylus nerkae n. sp. on O. nerka from Vancouver Island; G. colemanensis Mizelle and Kritsky, 1967 on Salmo gairdneri from California, Arkansas, and insular Newfoundland, S. fontinalis from Nova Scotia and Ontario, and S. trutta, S. namaycush, and S. fontinalis × S. namaycush from Ontario; G. avalonia Hanek and Threlfall, 1969 on S. gairdneri from Nova Scotia; and G. brevis Crane and Mizelle, 1967 on S. gairdneri from California. Gyrodactylus salmonis, G. nerkae, and G. colemanensis are considered specific to salmonid fishes, whereas G. avalonia and G. brevis are considered "accidental" infections, acquired from nonsalmonid fishes. A diagnostic key to the five species is provided and gyrodactyliasis, as a disease of cultured salmonids in North America, is discussed briefly.

Electrophoretic Distinction of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri), West-Slope Cutthroat Trout (S. clarki), and Their Hybrids

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1236-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary L. Reinitz
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Biochemical Marker ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Phosphoglucose Isomerase ◽  
Western Montana ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Salmo Clarki

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), west-slope cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki), and their F1 hybrids were electrophoretically examined for 13 different proteins. Of the 13 proteins, only phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) proved to be a reliable biochemical marker for the distinction of genetically pure samples of the two species. Only PGI provided an accurate means of identifying F1 hybrids between the species. This information could possibly be used to facilitate the stabilization and restoration of native populations of west-slope cutthroat trout in western Montana. Key words: rainbow trout, west-slope cutthroat trout, hybridization, electrophoresis, biochemical marker, phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI)

scholarly journals Hybridization between Cutthroat and Rainbow Trout: Evidence from Biochemical Genetic Loci

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 108-112
Author(s):  
Eric Loudenslager ◽  
G. Gall
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Isolating Mechanisms ◽  
Biochemical Genetic ◽  
Salmo Clarki

Cutthroat, Salmo clarki, and rainbow, Salmo gairdneri, trout are largely allopatric, closely related species. Where naturally sympatric ecological isolating mechanisms maintain species identity. However, the inland subspecies of cutthroat trout which did not evolve in sympatry with rainbows are thought to freely hybridize with rainbow trout which have been introduced for recreational purposes. Because of the mass introductions of rainbow trout fish managers have become increasingly concerned about the purity of the dwindling stocks of native cutthroats.

scholarly journals Linkage Relationships Reflecting Ancestral Tetraploidy in Salmonid Fish

Genetics ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-591
Author(s):  
K R Johnson ◽  
J E Wright ◽  
B May
Keyword(s):  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Linkage Groups ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Gynogenetic Offspring ◽  
Duplicate Loci ◽  
Salmo Clarki ◽  
Linkage Relationships

ABSTRACT Fifteen classical linkage groups were identified in two salmonid species (Salmo trutta and Salmo gairdneri) and three fertile, interspecific hybrids (S. gairdneri × Salmo clarki, Salvelinus fontinalis × Salvelinus namaycush and S. fontinalisx Salvelinus alpinus) by backcrossing multiply heterozygous individuals. These linkage relationships of electrophoretically detected, protein coding loci were highly conserved among species. The loci encoding the enzymes appeared to be randomly distributed among the salmonid chromosomes. Recombination frequencies were generally greater in females than in males. In males, certain linkage groups were pseudolinked with other linkage groups, presumably because of facultative multivalent pairing and directed disjunction of chromosomes. Five such pseudolinkage groups were identified and they also appeared to be common among species and hybrids. Duplicate loci were never classically linked with each other, although some exhibited pseudolinkage and some showed evidence of exchanging alleles. Gene-centromere recombination frequencies estimated from genotypic distributions of gynogenetic offspring were consistent with map locations inferred from female intergenic recombination frequencies. These linkage relationships support the contention that all extant salmonids arose from a common tetraploid progenitor and that this progenitor may have been a segmental allotetraploid.

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