Effect of premature transfer to sea water on growth and morphology of the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, and interrenal in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1620-1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Craig Clarke ◽  
Yoshitaka Nagahama
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Endocrine Pancreas ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Prolactin Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Interrenal Cells

Stunted coho salmon exhibited prominent parr marks and had a lower coefficient of condition than normal coho in sea water. Light and electron microscopic observations of the pituitary gland indicated that the prolactin cells of the runts were less active than in normal seawater coho whereas the growth hormone cells were more numerous and filled with secretory granules. The thyroid and endocrine pancreas had regressed while the interrenal cells showed little difference from the controls.After return to fresh water for 4 months, the runts acquired a silvery appearance and their condition factor increased to the normal level. In fresh water, the pituitary regained a more normal appearance. The prolactin cells became hypertrophied while the growth hormone cells contained less secretory material.

ULTRASTRUCTURAL MORPHOMETRY OF SPARSELY GRANULATED PROLACTIN CELL ADENOMAS OF THE HUMAN PITUITARY

1978 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. McComb ◽  
K. Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Electron Microscopic Level ◽  
Prolactin Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Highly Active

ABSTRACT Fifteen sparsely granulated prolactin-producing adenomas and 10 non-tumourous adenohypophyses, removed by surgical hypophysectomy, have been studied using morphometry at the electron microscopic level. Compared to non-tumourous prolactin cells, sparsely granulated adenomatous prolactin cells showed a significant decrease in diameter and volume density of secretory granules and an increased volume density of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The volume density of mitochondria remained unchanged. These results indicate that the cells of the adenoma are in a highly active functional state. It appears that the equilibrium between hormone synthesis, storage and release is altered in adenomatous prolactin cells.

Influence of salinity on ultrastructure of the secretory cells of the adenohypophyseal pars distalis in yearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Nagahama ◽  
W. Craig Clarke ◽  
W. S. Hoar
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Pars Distalis ◽  
Freshwater Environment

Six different types of secretory cells were identified by light and electron microscopy in the adenohypophyseal pars distalis of yearling coho salmon acclimated to fresh or salt water. Prolactin cells are markedly more active in the freshwater than the seawater fish; these cells exhibit definite functional activity 3 days after transfer from salt to fresh water, indicating an osmoregulatory role of prolactin in the freshwater environment. Plasma sodium showed a significant decline 6 h after transfer from sea water to fresh water and, even after 1 week, remained lower than in the fully acclimated freshwater fish. Corticotropic (ACTH) cells did not appear cytologically different in freshwater and seawater fish. GH cells, the most prominent cells in the proximal pars distalis, appear more numerous and more granulated in the seawater fish, suggesting an osmoregulatory involvement in young coho salmon. Putative thyrotropic (TSH) and putative gonadotropic cells (GTH) can be distinguished by differences in granulation; only one type of GTH cell is evident with ultrastructural features that differ from those of sexually mature salmon. Stellate, non-granulated cells occur in all regions of the adenohypophysis but more frequently in the prolactin follicles; they are much more prominent in the seawater than freshwater fish.

Effects of ergocryptine, prolactin, and growth hormone on survival and ion regulation in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 2394-2401 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Brewer ◽  
B. A. McKeown
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Simultaneous Injection ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Peripheral Action

Ergocryptine, an ergot alkaloid that suppresses prolactin (PRL) secretion and also affects growth hormone (GH) levels in mammals, was injected into juvenile rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, averaging 8 to 31 g. In fresh water the drug caused few fatalities but lowered plasma Na+, plasma Ca2+, muscle K+, muscle Mg2+, and haematocrit values. The simultaneous injection of low doses of PRL or GH did not significantly modify the results obtained with the drug alone except for an increase in muscle Mg2+ levels. This suggests a possible peripheral action of the drug.Ergocryptine caused the death of S. gairdneri in dilute sea water, while in certain circumstances PRL and GH prevented mortalities. In this medium the drug caused elevated levels of plasma Ca2+ and muscle K+. The simultaneous injection of ergocryptine plus PRL in hyperosmotic media produced an elevated plasma Na+ concentration but a decrease in intracellular Na+ content and concentration.The results suggest that PRL is not critical for the survival of S. gairdneri in fresh water but may still be necessary to maintain body ion concentrations. In hyperosmotic media, however, PRL and GH may be essential for survival and may act on general metabolic processes rather than specific osmoregulatory organs.

Changes in Body Chloride, Density, and Water Content of Chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and Coho (O. kisutch) Salmon Fry when Transferred from Fresh Water to Sea Water

1951 ◽  
Vol 8b (3) ◽  
pp. 164-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Safford Black
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Chum Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Salmon Fry

Changes in body chloride, density and water content of chum and coho salmon fry were measured when these fish were transferred from fresh water to sea water, and the reverse. Both species tolerated 50% sea water (8–9‰ Cl). Chum fry survived direct transfer from fresh water to sea water (15–17‰ Cl), but showed a marked increase in body chloride during the first 12 hours, followed by a return to the normal range between 12 and 24 hours. Coho, however, died within the first 36 hours, after a 60% increase in chloride. Coho fry lost more water than chum fry after introduction to sea water. The density of both species approximated that of the water within an hour of transfer to the new medium. When returned to fresh water after 12 hours in sea water the body chloride, density, and water content of both species regained normal levels within 10 hours. Chum salmon go to sea as fry, whereas cohos remain in fresh water a year or more. Although coho fry seem capable of some adjustment to sea water after a preliminary period in 50% sea water, permanent acclimatization could not be demonstrated under the experimental conditions.

AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC ACIDOPHIL CELLS OF THE RAT PITUITARY

1971 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Schelin ◽  
P. M. Lundin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Prolactin Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Gh Cells ◽  
Rat Pituitary ◽  
Close Relationship

ABSTRACT The morphology of normal and neoplastic acidophil cells of the rat pituitary has been studied by electron microscopy with special reference to the size and shape of the secretory granules. In the female rats, pregnant or non-pregnant, growth hormone (GH) cells and prolactin cells are easily separated, but in the male rats this separation is very uncertain. Acidophil tumours with granules similar to the GH type or to the prolactin type can be induced with stilboestrol treatment. These results indicate a close relationship between the two types of acidophil cells. They may be derived from a common progenitor which can be differentiated into either GH or prolactin cell or they may represent one cell type capable of producing both hormones.

RESPONSES OF JUVENILE CHUM, PINK, AND COHO SALMON TO SHARP SEA-WATER GRADIENTS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur H. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Keta ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Hypertonic Solutions ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Migratory Movement ◽  
Water Gradients

The responses of chum, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum), and pink, O. gorbuscha (Walbaum), salmon fry, and coho, O. kisutch (Walbaum), salmon fry and smolts to sea water were studied in sharp-gradient tanks. Chum and pink fry responded positively to isotonic and hypertonic solutions of sea water, but coho fry only to the former. During parr–smolt transformation, coho responded positively to hypertonic sea water. Responses of chum fry acclimated to sea water for 24 hours prior to observation were comparable in intensity to those of unacclimated fry, but less rapid. Activity of acclimated fry decreased less rapidly than did that of unacclimated fry. Fresh water control experiments indicated the presence of some factor or factors which resulted in preferences for "recognized" areas. The effects of positive responses to increased salinity are discussed in relation to the migratory movement of these species from fresh water into the sea.

scholarly journals Effect of colchicine on the immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin in the rat brain: light and electron microscopic studies.

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1577-1581 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Dubé ◽  
G Pelletier
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Immunohistochemical Localization ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Intracerebral Injection ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Periventricular Nucleus ◽  
Microscopic Studies

Somatostatin (SRIF), the hypothalmic hormone which inhibits the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary, has been localized immunohistochemically in the rat hypothalamus after intracerebral injection of colchicine. The number of cell bodies staining for SRIF was increased in the periventricular nucleus while the number of nerve fibers was decreased in the median eminence after treatment. The number of secretory granules containing SRIF in the nerve cell bodies was increased in the treated animals, suggesting a correlation between the number of specific secretory granules and intensity of the immunohistochemical reaction. These observations are in agreement with the hypothesis that SRIF cell bodies in the periventricular nucleus send their axons into the median eminence.

Osmoregulation and circulating growth hormone and prolactin levels in hypophysectomized coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) after transfer to fresh water and seawater

Aquaculture ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 33-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohei Yamauchi ◽  
Richard S. Nishioka ◽  
Graham Young ◽  
Tsuyoshi Ogasawara ◽  
Tetsuya Hirano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch

Development of Salinity Preference in Pre-Smolt Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Otto ◽  
John E. McInerney
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Response Distribution ◽  
Lower Salinity ◽  
Salinity Preference

When tested in a horizontal salinity gradient, freshwater-adapted coho salmon exhibited a bimodal preference response throughout most of the pre-smolt period. Preference modes were located at fresh water and at a salinity intermediate between fresh and sea water. The concentration of the higher preferred salinity changed both with time and instantaneously with the dimensions of the test gradient. Fish tested in a gradient that originated at 4‰ exhibited a single preferred salinity at 7‰ in June, which increased gradually to 13‰ by February. The same fish tested in a gradient originating at fresh water showed a corresponding preference for an intermediate salinity in addition to their preference for fresh water. However, this second preferendum was at a somewhat lower salinity than that observed in tests in which fresh water was excluded from the gradient.With the approach of the smolt transformation, preference for fresh water was greatly reduced and the response distribution became unimodal. At no time during the period prior to the smolt transformation did the preferred salinity exceed 14‰.

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