Sublethal effects of lead acetate on the Y-maze performance of albino mice (Mus musculus L.)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Ogilvie
Keyword(s):  
Lead Acetate ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Motor Disability ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Locomotor Ability ◽  
Do So ◽  
Drinking Solution

To determine if lead exposure could impair learning ability, the swimming performance of albino mice in a double Y maze was studied after 2 weeks of treatment with a 10-mg/ml drinking solution of lead acetate. This dose was sublethal and although it depressed weight gain, no overt symptoms of toxicity were observed. Lead-treated mice swam the maze significantly slower than the controls, and 40% of these animals were unable to perform to criterion, apparently because of a lead-induced impairment of locomotor ability. The lead-treated animals which did reach criterion required slightly more trials to do so than the controls, and they made significantly more errors. This finding suggests that the lead may have interfered with learning per se, in addition to causing a motor disability.

scholarly journals Effects of a commercially formulated glyphosate solutions at recommended concentrations on honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) behaviours

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi-Hua Luo ◽  
Jing Gao ◽  
Yi Guo ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
Yu-Zhen Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Notification System ◽  
Climbing Ability ◽  
Behavioural Experiments ◽  
Sucrose Responsiveness

AbstractGlyphosate, the active ingredient of the most widely used commercial herbicide formulation, is extensively used and produced in China. Previous studies have reported sublethal effects of glyphosate on honeybees. However, the effects of commercially formulated glyphosate (CFG) at the recommended concentration (RC) on the chronic toxicity of honeybees, especially on their behaviours, remain unknown. In this study, a series of behavioural experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of CFG on honeybees. The results showed that there was a significant decline in water responsiveness at 1/2 × , 1 × and 2 × the RC after 3 h of exposure to CFG for 11 days. The CFG significantly reduced sucrose responsiveness at 1/2 × and 1 × the RC. In addition, CFG significantly affected olfactory learning ability at 1/2 × , 1 × , and 2 × the RC and negatively affected memory ability at 1/2 × and 1 × the RC. The climbing ability of honeybees also significantly decreased at 1/2 × , 1 × and 2 × the RC. Our findings indicated that, after they were chronically exposed to CFG at the RC, honeybees exhibited behavioural changes. These results provide a theoretical basis for regulating field applications of CFG, which is necessary for establishing an early warning and notification system and for protecting honeybees.

scholarly journals Subchronic Oral Bromocriptine Methanesulfonate Enhances Open Field Novelty-Induced Behavior and Spatial Memory in Male Swiss Albino Mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Olakunle James Onaolapo ◽  
Adejoke Yetunde Onaolapo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Field Assessment ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Neurobehavioral Effects

This study set out to assess the neurobehavioral effects of subchronic, oral bromocriptine methanesulfonate using the open field and the Y-maze in healthy male mice. Sixty adult Swiss albino mice were assigned into three groups. Controls received normal saline, while test groups received bromocriptine methanesulfonate at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg/day, respectively, for a period of 21 days. Neurobehavioral tests were carried out on days 1 and 21 after administration. Open field assessment on day 1 after administration revealed significant increase in grooming at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, while horizontal and vertical locomotion showed no significant changes. Day 1 also showed no significant changes in Y-maze alternation. On day 21, horizontal locomotion, rearing, and grooming were increased significantly at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg doses after administration; also, spatial memory was significantly enhanced at 2.5 mg/kg. In conclusion, the study demonstrates the ability of oral bromocriptine to affect neurobehavior in normal mice. It also suggests that there is a cumulative effect of oral bromocriptine on the behaviors studied with more changes being seen after subchronic administration rather than after a single oral dose.

scholarly journals Detour learning ability and the effect of novel sensory cues on learning in Australian bull ants, Myrmecia midas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzahid Islam ◽  
Sudhakar Deeti ◽  
Zakia Mahmudah ◽  
J. Frances Kamhi ◽  
Ken Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Animal Cognition ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
Sensory Cues ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Tactile Cues ◽  
Detour Learning ◽  
Do So

ABSTRACTMany animals navigate in a structurally complex environment which requires them to detour around physical barriers that they encounter. While many studies in animal cognition suggest that they are able to adeptly avoid obstacles, it is unclear whether a new route is learned to navigate around these barriers and, if so, what sensory information may be used to do so. We investigated detour learning ability in the Australian bull ant, Myrmecia midas, which primarily uses visual landmarks to navigate. We first placed a barrier on the ants’ natural path of their foraging tree. Initially, 46% of foragers were unsuccessful in detouring the obstacle. In subsequent trips, the ants became more successful and established a new route. We observed up to eight successful foraging trips detouring around the barrier. When we subsequently changed the position of the barrier, made a new gap in the middle of the obstacle, or removed the barrier altogether, ants mostly maintained their learned motor routine, detouring with a similar path as before, suggesting that foragers were not relying on barrier cues and therefore learned a new route around the obstacle. In additional trials, when foragers encountered new olfactory or tactile cues, or the visual environment was blocked, their navigation was profoundly disrupted. These results suggest that changing sensory information, even in modalities that foragers do not usually need for navigation, drastically affects the foragers’ ability to successful navigate.Subject CategoryNeuroscience and Cognition

scholarly journals PENGARUH TRITERPEN TOTAL PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica (L) Urban) TERHADAP FUNGSI KOGNITIF BELAJAR DAN MENGINGAT PADA MENCIT JANTAN ALBINO (Mus musculus) YANG DIHAMBAT DENGAN SKOPOLAMIN

Molekul ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Herlina Herlina
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Centella Asiatica ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Mice

Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L) Urban) has been described to posses CNS effects such as improving cognitive function, learning and memory. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effects of total triterpen’s pegagan extract on cognitive functions as the learning and memory performance in male albino mice (Mus musculus) inhibited by scopolamine. The research design was Complete Randomized Design (RAL) – factorial on thirty six mice divided into 4 groups. One control group received only aquabidest (negative control). Three treatment groups received total triterpen 16 mg/kg BW, 32 mg/kg BW orally and piracetam 500 mg/kg BW by intra peritoneally (positive control) for 21 days. Data indicating learning and memory process of all subjects were obtained from one-trial passive avoidance test. Data were analyzed by two way ANOVA and BNT (p<0,05). Result showed that total triterpen 32 mg/kg BW had significantly prolonged the retention time compared to control group indicating improvement in cognitive function (505,03 second vs -18,53 second) (p<0,05) and it was not significantly different to piracetam 500 mg/kg BW group (505,03 second vs 522,48 second) (p>0,05). In conclusion, total triterpen from pegagan (Centella asiatica (L) Urban) improved learning ability and memory of male albino mice (Mus musculus) even though, it was inhibited by scopolamine.

scholarly journals Social learning and evolution: the cultural intelligence hypothesis

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1567) ◽  
pp. 1008-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carel P. van Schaik ◽  
Judith M. Burkart
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cultural Intelligence ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Cultural Skills ◽  
Independent Individual ◽  
Do So

If social learning is more efficient than independent individual exploration, animals should learn vital cultural skills exclusively, and routine skills faster, through social learning, provided they actually use social learning preferentially. Animals with opportunities for social learning indeed do so. Moreover, more frequent opportunities for social learning should boost an individual's repertoire of learned skills. This prediction is confirmed by comparisons among wild great ape populations and by social deprivation and enculturation experiments. These findings shaped the cultural intelligence hypothesis, which complements the traditional benefit hypotheses for the evolution of intelligence by specifying the conditions in which these benefits can be reaped. The evolutionary version of the hypothesis argues that species with frequent opportunities for social learning should more readily respond to selection for a greater number of learned skills. Because improved social learning also improves asocial learning, the hypothesis predicts a positive interspecific correlation between social-learning performance and individual learning ability. Variation among primates supports this prediction. The hypothesis also predicts that more heavily cultural species should be more intelligent. Preliminary tests involving birds and mammals support this prediction too. The cultural intelligence hypothesis can also account for the unusual cognitive abilities of humans, as well as our unique mechanisms of skill transfer.

The Effects of Idazoxan and Efaroxan Improves Memory and Cognitive Functions in Rats Experimental research

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1411-1415
Author(s):  
Gabriela Rusu-Zota ◽  
Daniel Vasile Timofte ◽  
Elena Albu ◽  
Petronela Nechita ◽  
Victorita Sorodoc
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Weight Group ◽  
Imidazoline Receptor ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Group I ◽  
Y Maze

Investigating the effects of idazoxan and efaroxan imidazoline receptor antagonists on cognitive functions with the rat Y-maze test; an internationally recognized experimental pattern of behavior, is to be used in order to evaluate the effects of test substances on the simple spatial memory of the laboratory animals. Our experimental evaluation tested the influence induced by idazoxan and efaroxan on the short-term memory on rats. In the experiment were used eighteen (18) male Wistar rats which were randomly divided into three groups (I - Control, II - IDZ and III - EFR) comprising of 6 animals each, treated intraperitoneally according to the following protocol: group I (Control): distilled water 0.5 mL/100 g body weight; group II (IDZ): idazoxan 3 mg/kg body weight; group III (EFR): efaroxan 1 mg/kg body weight. The purpose of this research was to assess the eligibility using the Y-maze test, involving: latency of the first arm visited, the number of arms visited, and the time spent into the arms, the number of returns of the experimental animals in the same arm, the number of alternations, percentage of spontaneous alternation. In this work, manifestations of the natural behavior of the animals tested was expressed by their choice of goal arm alternation. Statistical data processing reveals that: the administration of IDZ, as well as of EFR was accompanied by a tendency to enter a less recently visited arm and reduced the total number of arms visited, statistically significant (p[0.05) compared to control group. In this experiment, the use of these two imidazoline receptor antagonists did not considerably influence the reference memory, when pursuing the latency of the first arm visited, compared to the group treated with distilled water. The effects of IDZ and EFR on the percentage of time spent in the arms were sorted in descending order in this behavioral experimental model (IDZ]Control]EFR). The results demonstrate that the treatment with imidazoline agents optimizes the cognitive function of the animals, improving their learning ability, in the rat Y-maze Test. Regular exercise can reduce depression-, anxiety-, and impaired cognitive-like behaviors, and in conclusion these substances would be a useful pharmacological agents for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction.

scholarly journals Neuroprotective Effects of Probiotic-Supplemented Diet on Cognitive Behavior of 3xTg-AD Mice

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Chenxi Tan ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Huiyi Zhang ◽  
Cihan Di ◽  
Dechao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Y Maze

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is recognized as one of the most common types of senile dementia. AD patients first suffer memory loss for recent events (short-term memory impairment). As the disease progresses, they are deprived of self-awareness. This study aims to explore the effects of a probiotic-supplemented diet on the cognitive behaviors and pathological features of mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mice in the control group and the 3xTg-AD group were fed a regular diet and a probiotic-supplemented diet, respectively, for 20 weeks. Behavioral experiments like Morris’s water maze and Y maze were conducted. Then, feces of mice were collected for 16S sRNA gene sequencing for microorganisms. In the end, soluble and insoluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the hippocampus and cortex of mice in each group were quantitatively analyzed with a double-antibody Sandwich ELISA. The expression levels of tau protein and gliocyte in the hippocampus and cortex were detected using the Western Blot method. The result of the Morris water maze experiment indicated that, in the place navigation test, the mice in the 3xTg-AD group experienced a significant decline in the learning ability and a longer escape latency and in the space exploration test, the swimming time of mice in the 3xTg-AD group in the target quadrant decreased and after being treated with the probiotic diet, mice in the 3xTg-AD group had improved learning and memory ability. The result of Y maze showed that the probiotic diet can improve the spontaneous alternation accuracy of mice in the 3xTg-AD group. The result of 16s rRNA gene sequencing showed that, compared with mice in the WT group, those in the 3xTg-AD group experienced a change in the intestinal flora. The Western Blot result displayed a decreased expression level of tau (pS202) ( P < 0.05 ) and decreased expression levels of Iba-1 and GFAP ( P < 0.05 ). The result of the ELISA experiment showed decreased levels of soluble and insoluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 in 3xTg-AD mice ( P < 0.05 ). In conclusion, a probiotic diet can prevent and treat AD by improving the intestinal flora of 3xTg-AD.

scholarly journals Design, Fabrication, and Swimming Performance of a Free-Swimming Tuna-Mimetic Robot

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayyed Farideddin Masoomi ◽  
Axel Haunholter ◽  
Dominic Merz ◽  
Stefanie Gutschmidt ◽  
XiaoQi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Fish Robot ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Resistive Forces ◽  
The University ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Do So

High efficiency in cruising is a determining factor in developing tuna-mimetic robots. So far, a number of tuna-like robots have been made. Nevertheless, the University of Canterbury has developed its own tuna-like robot called UC-Ika 1 to investigate and to accordingly improve the swimming performance of the biomimetic swimming robots. In order to do so, the propulsion system of a tuna with respect to its thrust and resistive forces is studied. Following that, the fish robot is designed and fabricated considering the tuna propulsion system. The robot is then tested several times to investigate its swimming performance. Comparison of the speed and efficiency of UC-Ika 1 with those of other tuna-like robots shows a promising improvement of cruising performance of UC-Ika 1.

scholarly journals Learned recognition and avoidance of invasive mosquitofish by the shrimp, Paratya australiensis

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Bool ◽  
Kristen Witcomb ◽  
Erin Kydd ◽  
Culum Brown
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Gambusia Holbrooki ◽  
Invasive Fish ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Nocturnal Foraging ◽  
Paratya Australiensis ◽  
Random Control

Little is known about the learning ability of crustaceans, especially with respect to their anti-predator responses to invasive species. In many vertebrates, anti-predator behaviour is influenced by experience during ontogeny. Here, predator-naïve glass shrimp (Paratya australiensisis) were exposed to a predatory, invasive fish species, Gambusia holbrooki, to determine whether shrimp could learn to: (1) avoid the scent of Gambusia via classical conditioning; and (2) restrict their activity patterns to the night to reduce predatory encounters. Conditioned shrimp were placed in containers in aquaria containing Gambusia for 3 days during which time they could be harassed but not consumed by Gambusia. When tested in a Y-maze, conditioned shrimp showed a long delay before making a choice between Gambusia scented water and aged tap water but chose an arm at random. Control shrimp showed a brief delay in emergence and also chose at random. In a second experiment, we housed shrimp with a single Gambusia and observed their activity patterns. In the presence of Gambusia, shrimp switched from diurnal to nocturnal foraging. These results show that naïve shrimp learn to recognise novel predatory species via chemical cues and adjust their activity patterns to coincide with periods when Gambusia are inactive.

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