Influence of photoperiod and temperature on developmental time and number of molts in nymphs of two species of Odonata

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2033-2045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron R. Ingram ◽  
Charles E. Jenner
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses

Nymphs of the damselflies Enallagma hageni and Enallagma aspersum were collected in North Carolina from August to March and subjected to 11- and 14-h photoperiods at 16 and 21 °C. Development was generally completed more rapidly under long-day conditions. Under all day-length and temperature regimes, developmental time from the middle instars to emergence decreased from a maximum for those nymphs collected in August to a minimum for those collected in March. The two species had similar developmental times under long photoperiods at 21 °C; short photoperiods, however, were more inhibitory to the growth of E. hageni than to E. aspersum. The photoperiodic responses of E. hageni were similar at both temperatures, the developmental times being only slightly slower at 16 °C. In contrast, nymphs of E. aspersum kept at 16 °C showed no photoperiodic response. In both species, diapause or prolonged development occurred primarily in the two instars before the final, but not in the final itself.Extra molts usually accompanied slow developmental times in both species, regardless of photoperiod. The incidence of extra molting was greatest under conditions combining high temperature and short daylength. Extra molts were apparently common in field populations of E. aspersum, but were rare in those of E. hageni.

scholarly journals Photoperiodic Response of Peanut Species1

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Stalker ◽  
J. C. Wynne
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Arachis Species ◽  
Short Day ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Wild Peanut ◽  
Short Days

Abstract Many Arachis species collections do not produce pegs in North Carolina even though they flower profusely. To investigate reasons for the failure of fruiting, nine wild peanut species of section Arachis and three A. hypogaea cultivars representing spanish, valencia and virginia types were evaluated for response to short and long-day treatments in the North Carolina State Phytotron Unit of the Southeastern Environmental Laboratories. The objective of this investigation was to determine the flowering and fruiting responses of Arachis species to short and long-day photoperiods. Plant collections grown under a 9-hour short-day treatment were generally less vigorous, but produced more pegs than corresponding plants grown in long-day treatments which were produced by 9 hours of light plus a 3-hour interruption of the dark period. Annual species produced significantly more flowers and pegs than perennial species during both long and short days. The total number of flowers produced ranged from 0 during short days for A. correntina to more than 300 for A. cardenasii in long-day treatments. Only one plant of each species A. chacoense and A. villosa, and no plants of A. correntina, flowered in short days. Total numbers of pegs produced in short-day treatments were generally greater than in long-day treatments and the ratio of total number of pegs/total number of flowers was consistently greater during short-day treatments. A general trend was observed for more flowers produced in long-day treatments, but more pegs produced in short days. This study indicated that photoperiod can be manipulated to increase the seed set of some species and the success rate of obtaining certain interspecific hybrids. Furthermore, introgression from wild to cultivated species may possibly alter the reproductive capacity of A. hypogaea to photoperiod.

scholarly journals Photoperiodic Response of Nine Alternative Hanging-basket Species

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 681e-681
Author(s):  
Millie S. Williams ◽  
Terri W. Starman ◽  
James E. Faust
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
Long Day Plants ◽  
Pentas Lanceolata ◽  
Helichrysum Bracteatum

The photoperiodic responses were determined for the following species: Bacopa speciosa `Snowflake', Bidens ferulifolium, Brachycome multifida `Crystal Falls', Helichrysum bracteatum'Golden Beauty', Lysimachia procumbens (Golden Globes), Pentas lanceolata `Starburst', Scaevola aemula `New Blue Wonder', Streptocarpella hybrid `Concord Blue', and Streptosolen jamesonii (Orange Browallia). Each plant species was grown at 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, and 16-hour photoperiods. Photoperiods were provided by delivering 8 hours sunlight, then pulling black cloth and providing daylength extension with incandescent bulbs. Bacopa speciosa `Snowflake', Bidens ferulifolium, Brachycome multifida `Crystal Falls', Helichrysum bracteatum `Golden Beauty', Scaevola aemula `New Blue Wonder', and Streptocarpella hybrid `Blue Concord' were day neutral, i.e., no difference in days to visible bud or days to anthesis in response to photoperiod were observed. Pentas lanceolata `Starburst' and Lysimachia procumbens (Golden Globes) were quantitative long day plants, i.e., days to anthesis decreased as daylength increased. No difference in days to visible bud, number of lateral shoots, number of nodes, or internode length were observed for Pentas lanceolata `Starburst'; however, days to anthesis for 14- and 16-hour photoperiods occurred 9 days earlier than 8-hour photoperiods. Days to visible bud for Lysimachia procumbens (Golden Globes) occurred 7 days earlier and days to anthesis was 9 days earlier under 14- and 16-hour photoperiods than 8-hour photoperiods. By week 8, only one flower per plant developed in the 8-hour photoperiod while 11 flowers per plant developed in the 14-hour photoperiod. Streptosolen jamesonii (Orange Browallia) was a qualitative short day plant. There was no difference in the days to anthesis between 8- and 10-hour daylength, each averaging 36 days from start of photoperiod treatment. Plants under 12- to 16-hour photoperiods did not flower.

Influence of Environment on Metabolism of Propanil in Rice

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 501-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Root Treatment

The metabolism of 3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide (propanil) to 3,4-dichloroaniline (hereinafter referred to as 3,4-DCA) andN-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)glucosylamine (hereinafter referred to as 3,4-DCAG) was quantitatively modified in rice (Oryza sativaL. ‘Nato’) by temperature and day length. The propanil, 3,4-DCA, and 3,4-DCAG content of rice was determined 1, 2, 5, and 8 days after root treatment with 92 μM propanil. Plants were grown and treated under long-day (16 hr) and short-day (12 hr) conditions with day temperatures of 32, 27, or 21 C and night temperatures of 21 C. Absorption and metabolism of propanil were most rapid under high temperature and long day conditions. A mean value of 0.75 μmoles total of aniline equivalent per plant was obtained. Greater quantities of 3,4-DCA and 3,4-DCAG were recovered from plants in high temperature, long day environments. An average of 47% of the propanil plus water-soluble metabolites in rice was in root tissue. Conditions favoring high growth rates and transpiration increased the percentage in the shoots. Because of the increased tissue mass at high temperatures, mean concentrations of propanil plus water-soluble metabolites in plant tissue were reduced from 0.18 to 0.12 μmoles/g dry weight.

The bulbing response to day length and temperature of some Australasian cultivars of onion (Allium cepa L.)

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
BT Steer
Keyword(s):  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Leaf Base ◽  
Base Diameter ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Allium Cepa L ◽  
Neck Diameter

Onions (Allium cepa L.) were grown in the Canberra phytotron from seed to bulb in three day lengths (11, 14 and 17 h) and five temperature regimes (day/night 18/10�, 22/14�, 26/18�, 30/22�, 34/26�), The cultivars Creamgold, Braeside Golden Globe, Gladalan Brown and Early Lockyer Brown were used. There was a significant interaction of cultivar, day length and temperature on bulbing. Bulbing was most rapid at the highest temperature and longest day length. Creamgold exhibited a temperature dependence in bulbing, so that at 18/10�C bulbing did not occur at any day length. The other cultivars bulbed at low temperatures. Lateral buds developed in Braeside Golden Globe, but not at low temperatures (18/10�) or in long day lengths (14 or 17 h) where normal bulbs were produced. In an attempt to simulate field conditions more closely, some plants were transferred to different day length and temperature treatments between sowing and harvest. During development, neither bulbing ratio (leaf base diameter/neck diameter) nor final bulb size was significantly different from those of plants grown from seed to maturity in one regime. Bulbing required the continual presence of bulb-inducing conditions: bulb development ceased on transfer to unfavourable conditions (short day lengths, low temperature).

Effects of constant and changing temperature conditions on diapause induction in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.K. Mironidis ◽  
M. Savopoulou-Soultani
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Diapause Induction ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractThe effects of photoperiod and temperature on the induction and termination of facultative pupal diapause in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were investigated under laboratory conditions. Exposing H. armigera larvae to both constant and fluctuating temperature regimes with a mean of 25°C and 20°C resulted in a type-III photoperiodic response curve of a short-long day insect. The long-day critical daylengths for diapause induction were ten hours and 12 hours at the constant temperatures of 25°C and 20°C, respectively. Higher incidences of diapause and higher values both for the longer and the shorter critical photoperiods for diapause induction were observed at fluctuating regimes compared with the corresponding constant ones. At alternating temperatures, the incidence of diapause ranged from 4.2% to 33.3% and was determined by the temperature amplitude of the thermoperiod and by the interaction of cryophase or thermophase with the photoperiod. Helicoverpa armigera larvae seem to respond to photoperiodic stimuli at temperatures >15°C and <30°C; all insects entered diapause at a constant temperature of 15°C, whereas none did so at a constant temperature of 30°C under all the photoperiodic regimes examined. Although chilling was not a prerequisite for diapause termination, exposure of diapausing pupae to chilling conditions significantly accelerated diapause development and the time of adult emergence. Therefore, temperature may be the primary factor controlling the termination of diapause in H. armigera.

scholarly journals Delayed Heading in Sorghum Varieties under High Temperature and Long Day-length Condition.

1997 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junichi NAKANO ◽  
Takeshi YAMAGUCHI ◽  
Mitsuhiro TAKAYANAGI ◽  
Tadami TAKIGAMI
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Long Day

Carbon dioxide compensation and its association with the photoperiodic response of plants

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1146-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Purohit ◽  
E. B. Tregunna
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Photoperiodic Response ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Photoperiodic Responses ◽  
High Carbon Dioxide

Species within subfamilies and tribes of the Gramineae that have low carbon dioxide compensation values are either short-day or day-neutral in their photoperiodic requirement for flowering; those with high carbon dioxide compensation values are long-day, with a few exceptions. Photoperiodic screening of some species of Atriplex, Amaranthus, and Panicum revealed that the species with the C4 syndrome are quantitative short-day or day-neutral, except for P. miliaceum. Those lacking the C4 syndrome have a qualitative short-day requirement for flowering. It is assumed that the C4 syndrome is a derived condition from C3 plants with CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants probably in between. The photoperiodic responses of the plants seem to have a coevolutionary trend with photosynthetic characters, from long-day types to short-day ones, with plants having a dual photoperiodic requirement in between.

scholarly journals Effects of temperature on the behaviour and metabolism of an intertidal foraminifera and consequences for benthic ecosystem functioning

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noémie Deldicq ◽  
Dewi Langlet ◽  
Camille Delaeter ◽  
Grégory Beaugrand ◽  
Laurent Seuront ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Ecosystem Functioning ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Species Traits ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycles ◽  
Variable Environment ◽  
Sediment Reworking ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Slow Moving ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

AbstractHeatwaves have increased in intensity, duration and frequency over the last decades due to climate change. Intertidal species, living in a highly variable environment, are likely to be exposed to such heatwaves since they can be emerged for more than 6 h during a tidal cycle. Little is known, however, on how temperature affects species traits (e.g. locomotion and behaviour) of slow-moving organisms such as benthic foraminifera (single-celled protists), which abound in marine sediments. Here, we examine how temperature influences motion-behaviour and metabolic traits of the dominant temperate foraminifera Haynesina germanica by exposing individuals to usual (6, 12, 18, 24, 30 °C) and extreme (high; i.e. 32, 34, 36 °C) temperature regimes. Our results show that individuals reduced their activity by up to 80% under high temperature regimes whereas they remained active under the temperatures they usually experience in the field. When exposed to a hyper-thermic stress (i.e. 36 °C), all individuals remained burrowed and the photosynthetic activity of their sequestered chloroplasts significantly decreased. Recovery experiments subsequently revealed that individuals initially exposed to a high thermal regime partially recovered when the hyper-thermic stress ceased. H. germanica contribution to surface sediment reworking substantially diminished from 10 mm3 indiv−1 day−1 (usual temperature) to 0 mm3 indiv−1 day−1 when individuals were exposed to high temperature regimes (i.e. above 32 °C). Given their role in sediment reworking and organic matter remineralisation, our results suggest that heatwaves may have profound long-lasting effects on the functioning of intertidal muddy ecosystems and some key biogeochemical cycles.

scholarly journals Systemic Infection by Fusarium verticillioides in Maize Plants Grown Under Three Temperature Regimes

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 1695-1700 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Murillo-Williams ◽  
G. P. Munkvold
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Kernel Infection ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Systemic Development

Fusarium verticillioides causes seedling decay, stalk rot, ear rot, and mycotoxin contamination (primarily fumonisins) in maize. Systemic infection of maize plants by F. verticillioides can lead to kernel infection, but the frequency of this phenomenon has varied widely among experiments. Variation in the incidence of systemic infection has been attributed to environmental factors. In order to better understand the influence of environment, we investigated the effect of temperature on systemic development of F. verticillioides during vegetative and reproductive stages of plant development. Maize seeds were inoculated with a green fluorescent protein-expressing strain of F. verticillioides, and grown in growth chambers under three different temperature regimes. In the vegetative-stage and reproductive-stage experiments, plants were evaluated at tasseling (VT stage), and at physiological maturity (R6 stage), respectively. Independently of the temperature treatment, F. verticillioides was reisolated from nearly 100% of belowground plant tissues. Frequency of reisolation of the inoculated strain declined acropetally in aboveground internodes at all temperature regimes. At VT, the high-temperature treatment had the highest systemic development of F. verticillioides in aboveground tissues. At R6, incidence of systemic infection was greater at both the high- and low-temperature regimes than at the average-temperature regime. F. verticillioides was isolated from higher internodes in plants at R6, compared to stage VT. The seed-inoculated strain was recovered from kernels of mature plants, although incidence of kernel infection did not differ significantly among treatments. During the vegetative growth stages, temperature had a significant effect on systemic development of F. verticillioides in stalks. At R6, the fungus reached higher internodes in the high-temperature treatment, but temperature did not have an effect on the incidence of kernels (either symptomatic or asymptomatic) or ear peduncles infected with the inoculated strain. These results support the role of high temperatures in promoting systemic infection of maize by F. verticillioides, but plant-to-seed transmission may be limited by other environmental factors that interact with temperature during the reproductive stages.

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