Seasonal population changes of Physaloptera maxillaris (Nematoda: Physalopteroidea) in striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Cawthorn ◽  
Roy C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Mephitis Mephitis ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Striped Skunk ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
June July ◽  
Seasonal Population

The stomachs of 162 (89%) of 183 striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) collected in the area of Guelph, Ontario, between September 1973 and August 1974 were infected with Physaloptera maxillaris. Adult worms were most abundant in midsummer (June–July) and rare in winter (December–March). Third-stage larvae were most abundant in late fall and midwinter (October–January) and least abundant in midsummer (June–July). Fourth-stage larvae were most abundant in spring (April–May) and least abundant in early fall (August–September). It is suggested that adults appear mainly when skunk are feeding regularly in spring and midsummer. Third-stage larvae acquired in late summer and fall fail to develop (probably because of inadequate food consumption by skunk) and persist over the winter. In spring when skunk start to feed again, overwintering larvae grow into adults and initiate the annual cycle in skunk and intermediate hosts.

Seasonal population changes in Rhabdias ranae Walton, 1929 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) in Rana sylvatica of Ontario

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Rana Sylvatica ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Young Of The Year ◽  
Seasonal Population

Rana sylvatica collected monthly from April to October of 1976 and 1977 in a marsh near Guelph, Ontario, were examined for the presence of Rhabdias ranae. Prevalence and intensity of infections were lowest in summer and highest in spring and early fall of both years. Many nematodes collected in late summer and early fall were subadults found in the body cavity of frogs and, therefore, this period was important for transmission. No nematodes were recovered from the body cavity of frogs in spring and few were recovered from this location in late fall. Seasonal fluctuations in size of worms indicates there was a single annual cycle of growth of worms and that there was only one or possibly two generations in frogs each year. The data indicate transmission began later in the spring of 1976 than 1977 and ceased later in the fall of 1976 than 1977. Young-of-the-year frogs acquired infections in the same summer they transformed from tadpoles. Survival of the species in Ontario is dependent on adult nematodes overwintering in frogs.

Distribution and Seasonal Population Changes of Campecopea Hirsuta [Isopoda: Flabellifera]

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare E. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Wave Action ◽  
Maximum Length ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
South West ◽  
Steep Slopes ◽  
Seasonal Population

Campecopea hirsuta (Montagu) occurs in rock crevices, and among barnacles and the lichen Lichina in south-west Britain. It is particularly abundant on shores ex-posed to wave action, occurring most commonly at about M.T.L. and below on shallow slopes, and from M.T.L. to H.W.N. on steep slopes. Young Campecopea of about 1–5 mm long are released in late summer. Females attain a maximum length of 35 mm and males 4–0 mm, each having a life span of no more than 1½ years.

Epizootiology, pathology, and description of Eustrongylides tubifex (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea) in fish

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 2212-2222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena N. Measures
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Perca Flavescens ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Lepomis Gibbosus ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Rock Bass ◽  
Ambloplites Rupestris ◽  
Fish Hosts

In Guelph Lake, a man-made reservoir in Ontario, Canada, prevalence of larval Eustrongylides tubifex in pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus), rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) was 12.9% and mean intensity ranged from 1 to 1.8. Larvae were encapsulated on the mesentery of fish. Pumpkinseed and yellow perch were the important fish hosts in Guelph Lake as most larvae in these fish were alive. In contrast, 40% of larvae in rock bass were dead and calcified. Third- and fourth-stage larvae from naturally infected fish are described. Larvae in the three species of fish elicited a granulomatous inflammatory reaction. Attempts to transfer third-stage larvae from experimentally infected oligochaetes and third-stage larvae from naturally infected fish to laboratory-reared pumpkinseed were unsuccessful. Fourth-stage larvae from naturally infected fish were transferred successfully to pumpkinseed. Eutropic lakes such as Guelph Lake are particularly suitable enzootic areas because of the abundant populations of tubificid intermediate hosts and the presence of fish hosts such as pumpkinseed and perch. The advanced stage and development of larvae (to the fourth stage) in fish likely represents an adaptation for a parasite that occurs in a migratory host such as Common Mergansers (Mergus merganser), which frequent Guelph Lake for only about 1 month in spring and fall.

The relationship of Physaloptera maxillaris (Nematoda: Physalopteroidea) to skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Lincoln ◽  
Roy C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Mephitis Mephitis ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Food Reserves ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In skunk (Mephitis mephitis Schreber), stomach worms (Physaloptera maxillaris Molin 1860) detach from the stomach wall and feed on stomach contents. There was no evidence that worms feed on gastric mucosa as previously suggested for some related species. This feeding behavior is probably characteristic of the Physalopterinae. Experimental studies, as well as examination of wild skunk throughout the year, showed that development of worms is markedly influenced by the diet of the host. Larvae grew and eggs were produced in 65–76 days in skunk given an adequate diet. Larvae persisted but failed lo grow in skunk deprived of food for up to 70 days. In regions where the host must occasionally endure extended periods of food deprivation (e.g. during winter), small larvae (probably the third stage) persist in the stomach while other stages are passed out. These small larvae are apparently able to survive on stored food reserves and are resistant to periods of food deprivation. Larvae which have persisted throughout winter months in skunk begin to grow in the spring when food becomes available. Worms begin to produce numerous eggs which are passed in the faeces of the skunk in midsummer when intermediate hosts are abundant.

scholarly journals Experimental lagochilascariosis in X-chromosome-linked immunodeficient mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaqueline Aparecida Gleice de Freitas ◽  
Mariana Félix de Souza Prudente ◽  
Mara Silvia Carvalhaes
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
Etiological Agent ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Immunodeficient Mice ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Deficient Mice

Lagochilascaris minor is the etiological agent of lagochilascariosis, a disease that affects the neck region and causes exudative abscesses, with eggs, adult parasites and L3/L4 larvae in the purulent exudates. Mice are now considered to be intermediate hosts for the parasite. To determine the pattern of infection in B1 cell-deficient mice, experimental lagochilascariosis was studied in BALB/c and X-chromosome-linked immunodeficient (xid) mice. BALB.xid-infected mice showed lower numbers of larvae. Third-stage larvae, fourth-stage larvae and adult parasites were found in both strains. BALB/c mice produced IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE against the crude extract and secreted/excreted antigens of the parasite. On the other hand, BALB.xid mice did not produce IgM and produced lower levels of IgG and IgA, and similar quantities of IgE.

The life-cycle of the flatfish nematode Cucullanus heterochrous

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Køie
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage

AbstractMature specimens of Cucullanus heterochrous Rudolphi, 1802 (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) were obtained from the intestine of the flounder, Platichthys flesus, from Danish waters. Eggs embryonate in seawater but do not hatch. Fully developed larvae pressed out of eggs are 430 μm long with amphids and dereids and enclosed within the cuticle of a previous larval stage. Infective larvae are believed to be in their third stage. Experimental studies showed that the polychaetes, Nereis spp., Scoloplos armiger, Brada villosa and Capitella sp., may act as intermediate hosts. In N. diversicolor the larvae increase their length to 1 mm within four weeks (15°C) without moulting. Experimental infections showed that larvated eggs are not infective to fish, whereas >550 μm long larvae from polychaetes survived in 4–24 cm long flounders and plaice, Pleuronectes platessa. Third-stage larvae 550 μm to 1.1 mm long were found in the submucosa of the intestine one week post infection. At a length of about 800 μm to 1.4 mm they moult to fourth-stage larvae. Fourth-stage larvae, immature and mature worms occur in the intestine and rectum. Fourth-stage larvae and adults survived experimental transfer from one flounder to another. Similar developmental stages survived for two weeks in the intestine of experimentally infected cod, Gadus morhua.

Development of Physaloptera maxillaris (Nematoda: Physalopteroidea) in skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and the role of paratenic and other hosts in its life cycle

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Cawthorn ◽  
Roy C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Thamnophis Sirtalis ◽  
Mephitis Mephitis ◽  
Garter Snakes ◽  
Striped Skunk ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Mustela Furo ◽  
Paratenic Hosts ◽  
Patent Infection

The development of Physaloptera maxillaris in skunk (Mephitis mephitis) was examined. The third moult was first observed at 5 days after infection and the fourth at 10 days. The prepatent period was determined as 41–45 days in skunk maintained under summer conditions. Various stages occurring in skunk are briefly described. Development of worms from the third stage to adulthood was consistently asynchronous in skunk.The striped skunk appears to be the only suitable definitive host of P. maxillaris. Experimentally it was not possible to produce patent infection in dogs (Canisfamiliaris), cats (Felis catus), mink (Mustela vison), ferrets (Mustela furo), rats (Rattus norvegicus), or raccoons (Procyon lotor) fed on the same diet as skunk. P. maxillaris is redescribed briefly.Leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) may be potential paratenic hosts of P. maxillaris. Third-stage larvae did not penetrate tissues but remained in the gut for several days after infection and retained their infectivity. However, frogs and snakes are apparently not important components of the diet of skunk in the Guelph area.

The life history of Hysterothylacium analarum Rye and Baker, 1984 (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Lepomis gibbosus (Pisces: Centrarchidae) in southern Ontario, Canada

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1576-1584
Author(s):  
Leslie A. Rye ◽  
Michael R. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Lepomis Gibbosus ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gravid Females

Larval stages of Hysterothylacium analarum are described from Lepomis gibbosus in Dawson Pond, Ontario (45°10′N, 78°50′W). Second-stage larvae were easily distinguished from all other stages by the presence of a conical boring tooth. Third-stage larvae lacked both a boring tooth and lips. Fourth-stage larvae had well-developed lips. The ratio of ventricular appendage length to intestinal caecum length varied greatly between larval stages and adults. Prevalence and intensity of larval stages and adult H. analarum showed a distinct seasonal pattern, with one generation of adult worms per year. In spring, third-stage larvae left nodules on the intestinal serosa of L. gibbosus and migrated to the intestinal lumen, where they rapidly moulted to the fourth-stage and then to adult worms. Eggs collected from gravid females developed to second stage larvae in approximately 5 days under laboratory conditions. In natural infections in the late summer second-stage larvae were found in nodules on the serosa and in the mesentery. Larvae apparently moulted to the third stage and overwintered in the nodules as third-stage larvae.

Development of swim bladder nematodes (Cystidicola spp.) in their intermediate hosts

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1736-1744 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Smith ◽  
M. W. Lankester
Keyword(s):  
Lake Trout ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Mysis Relicta ◽  
The Third ◽  
Gammarus Fasciatus ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Cystidicola Farionis ◽  
Similar Development

It has been confirmed experimentally that Cystidicola farionis develops to the infective third-stage in amphipods. The third stage was reached more quickly in Gammarus fasciatus (5 weeks) than in Hyalella azteca (6 weeks) at 12–14 °C and required 7 weeks to develop in Pontoporeia affinis at 5–7 °C. Third-stage larvae were 437 μm long immediately after the second moult and grew up to 4.9 mm long. Cystidicola cristivomeri developed to the third stage in Mysis relicta but not in amphipods. Third-stage larvae were about 720 μm long after the second moult and grew up to 5.7 mm long. Third-stage larvae of C. cristivomeri up to 10.8 mm long were found in 0.8% of M. relicta from a lake where lake trout were infected with the parasite. Third-stage larvae of C. farionis and C. cristivomeri grew considerably in the intermediate hosts and the gonads became well developed. Similar development has been reported in other cystidicolids but suggestions that larvae moult to the fourth stage in the intermediate host cannot be accepted.

On the biology of Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) cotylophora (Ward &Magath, 1917) (Nematoda, Cucullanidae) in perch (Perca flavescens) from Lake Erie, Ontario

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 2062-2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Fourth Larval Stage ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The One

Eggs of Dichelyne cotylophora embryonate in freshwater. There is one moult in the egg and a second moult when the egg hatches. Third stage larvae were not infective to perch or invertebrates (copepods, oligochaetes). However, these larvae were experimentally transmitted orally to small cyprinid fish in which they developed to the fourth larval stage and became encysted in the liver. It is hypothesized that prey fish act as intermediate hosts for this parasite. High prevalence of the parasite in large, piscivorous perch from Lake Erie supports thisliypothesis. In addition a histiotrophic stage of development occurs in the fish intermediate hosts rather than in perch. In other cucullanids studied, the life cycle is primarily monoxenous with a histiotrophic stage of development in the one host. Annual changes in prevalence, intensity, and worm development were followed in adult perch from Lake Erie. Worms are acquired in late summer, fall, and winter, but most larvae acquired at this time do not develop past the fourth larval stage until the following spring. Worms rapidly develop into adults in the spring and females begin to produce eggs in early summer. These adults disappear in late summer.

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