Development of Physaloptera maxillaris (Nematoda: Physalopteroidea) in skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and the role of paratenic and other hosts in its life cycle

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Cawthorn ◽  
Roy C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Thamnophis Sirtalis ◽  
Mephitis Mephitis ◽  
Garter Snakes ◽  
Striped Skunk ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Mustela Furo ◽  
Paratenic Hosts ◽  
Patent Infection

The development of Physaloptera maxillaris in skunk (Mephitis mephitis) was examined. The third moult was first observed at 5 days after infection and the fourth at 10 days. The prepatent period was determined as 41–45 days in skunk maintained under summer conditions. Various stages occurring in skunk are briefly described. Development of worms from the third stage to adulthood was consistently asynchronous in skunk.The striped skunk appears to be the only suitable definitive host of P. maxillaris. Experimentally it was not possible to produce patent infection in dogs (Canisfamiliaris), cats (Felis catus), mink (Mustela vison), ferrets (Mustela furo), rats (Rattus norvegicus), or raccoons (Procyon lotor) fed on the same diet as skunk. P. maxillaris is redescribed briefly.Leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) may be potential paratenic hosts of P. maxillaris. Third-stage larvae did not penetrate tissues but remained in the gut for several days after infection and retained their infectivity. However, frogs and snakes are apparently not important components of the diet of skunk in the Guelph area.

The Axial Age, Axiality, and the Missionary Enterprise

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
David Lindenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
World History ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
External Memory ◽  
Broad Perspective ◽  
The Third ◽  
Axial Age ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Brain Culture

This article reviews recent literature on the Axial Age as a phase of world history and seeks to illuminate the role of Christian missionaries as part of this broad perspective. Introduced by Karl Jaspers in 1949, the concept has attracted attention from scholars interested in human development. The cognitive psychologist Merlin Donald views it as the third stage of “brain-culture co-evolution,” which draws on the external memory storage that literacy provides. I argue that missionaries have been central agents in conveying such stored knowledge to non-axial cultures.

scholarly journals Interleukin-5 Is Essential for Vaccine-Mediated Immunity but Not Innate Resistance to a Filarial Parasite

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 2513-2517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laetitia Le Goff ◽  
P'ng Loke ◽  
H. Fahimeda Ali ◽  
David W. Taylor ◽  
Judith E. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Filarial Infection ◽  
Innate Resistance ◽  
Interleukin 5 ◽  
Filarial Nematodes ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Patent Infection

ABSTRACT The study of protective immune mechanisms effective against filarial nematodes has been hampered by the inability of these important human pathogens to infect laboratory mice. Recently,Litomosoides sigmodontis, a natural parasite of rats, has been developed as a valuable model for the study of filarial infection. BALB/c mice are fully susceptible to infection with L. sigmodontis third-stage larvae and develop patent infection. In contrast, mice on the C57BL background are resistant, and parasites undergo only a single molt and do not mature to adulthood. We used interleukin-5 (IL-5)-deficient mice on the C57BL/6 background to address the role of IL-5 and eosinophils in the innate resistance of C57BL/6 mice. We found no differences in parasite survival between IL-5-deficient and C57BL/6 mice. However, when these mice were used for the analysis of vaccine-mediated immunity, a critical role for IL-5 was elucidated. Mice genetically deficient in IL-5 were unable to generate a protective immune response when vaccinated with irradiated larvae, whereas C57BL/6 mice were fully protected from challenge infection. These studies help to clarify the highly controversial role of eosinophils in filarial infection.

scholarly journals STAY HUNGRY, STAY FOOLISH: PER UNA STORIA NATURALE DELL’ANORE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Politi ◽  
Mariacristina Migliardi
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Individual

Thanks to a broad historical-anthropological and clinical examination, the authors re-evaluate the role of hunger in the development of our species, and also in that of the individual. The alternation empty/full, internal/ external, the complex game that is established between need, object and desire, structures the childhood of the human cub. In the same way, the alternation between active and passive gaze inaugurates and accompanies the adolescent turbulence, often dictating the rhythms. The third stage of this speech, relating to the season of maturity, focuses on the (dangerous) intersection between food and air, between when we breathe and when we swallow. The lecture ends with the theme of fasting in old age, which engages the themes of depression, involution and detachment.

The Status of Member States not Participating in the Euro

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 293-314
Author(s):  
David O’Keeffe ◽  
Catherine Turner
Keyword(s):  
Economic And Monetary Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Third ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Status ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Heads Of State

In May 1998, the Council, meeting in the composition of Heads of State or Government, unanimously decided, in accordance with Article 121(2) EC, that eleven Member States fulfilled the necessary conditions to move towards the third and final stage of economic and monetary union (EMU) with the adoption of the single currency on 1 January 1999. This article will discuss the legal position of the Member States which did not initially progress to the third stage of EMU, in particular, the opt-outs exercised by the United Kingdom (UK) and Denmark. There follows an analysis of the extent of the UK and Danish opt-outs and the derogation which exists in relation to Sweden (and previously Greece) together with the role of these Member States in the new institutional framework as in operation from 1 January 1999. The current political discussions on the Euro taking place within the UK and Denmark will be highlighted.

Role of light and temperature in the regulation of reproduction in the red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 2090-2096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan M. Whittier ◽  
Robert T. Mason ◽  
David Crews ◽  
Paul Licht
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Courtship Behavior ◽  
Cold Temperature ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis ◽  
Garter Snakes ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis Parietalis ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Ovarian Activation

The influence of photoperiodic manipulation on sexual behavior and ovarian recrudescence of male and female red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) was examined over a 4-year period. Snakes were exposed to photoperiodic manipulations before, during, and after a 17-week cold temperature dormancy; sexual behavior of males and females and ovarian recrudescence were observed after emergence from cold temperature dormancy. In the 1st year (1982), males were exposed to two conditions representing minimum and maximum exposure to daylight: (i) 6 weeks of a short-day prehibernation period (10L:14D, 28:18 °C), followed by 17 weeks of hibernation in complete darkness (0L:24D, 4 °C) and emergence into warm dark conditions (0L:24D, 28:18 °C); and (ii) 6 weeks of a long-day prehibernation period (14L:10D, 28:18 °C), followed by 17 weeks of hibernation with exposure to light (12L:12D, 4 °C) and emergence into warm, long days (14L:10D, 28:18 °C). Males in both conditions exhibited intense courtship behavior on emergence from hibernation. Females in 1982 were significantly influenced only by long-day prehibernation conditions (14L:10D, 28:18 °C); under these conditions, ovarian recrudescence on emergence was inhibited. Long prehibernation photoperiod did not significantly influence female receptive behavior on emergence, indicating that neuroendocrine control of ovarian activation and sexual behavior may be separate in this species. In three subsequent years (1983, 1984, 1985) none of the photoperiodic conditions significantly influenced male or female sexual behavior or ovarian recrudescence. Slight differences in experimental protocol in these subsequent years that may account for differences in results from 1982 are discussed. Finally, ovarian development was found to be clearly tied to the duration of cold temperature dormancy in this species. Females receiving 7 or 17 weeks of exposure to cold (4 °C) underwent vitellogenesis at similar frequencies. Most females receiving 0 or only 4 weeks of exposure to cold (4 °C) did not become vitellogenic. Mating on emergence was not a requirement for the initiation of vitellogenesis in this study.

Seasonal population changes of Physaloptera maxillaris (Nematoda: Physalopteroidea) in striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Cawthorn ◽  
Roy C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Mephitis Mephitis ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Striped Skunk ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
June July ◽  
Seasonal Population

The stomachs of 162 (89%) of 183 striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) collected in the area of Guelph, Ontario, between September 1973 and August 1974 were infected with Physaloptera maxillaris. Adult worms were most abundant in midsummer (June–July) and rare in winter (December–March). Third-stage larvae were most abundant in late fall and midwinter (October–January) and least abundant in midsummer (June–July). Fourth-stage larvae were most abundant in spring (April–May) and least abundant in early fall (August–September). It is suggested that adults appear mainly when skunk are feeding regularly in spring and midsummer. Third-stage larvae acquired in late summer and fall fail to develop (probably because of inadequate food consumption by skunk) and persist over the winter. In spring when skunk start to feed again, overwintering larvae grow into adults and initiate the annual cycle in skunk and intermediate hosts.

Control of length of the courtship season in the red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis: the role of temperature

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 987-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randolph W. Krohmer ◽  
David Crews
Keyword(s):  
Courtship Behavior ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis ◽  
Garter Snakes ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thamnophis Sirtalis Parietalis ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The influence of temperature on the length and intensity of the courtship season was examined in both field and laboratory populations of red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) over a 2-year period. Snakes were exposed to fluctuations in temperature following emergence from hibernation and activation of courtship behavior. In the field, males were exposed to four temperature regimens: extended hibernation (0L:24D, 4 ± 1.5 °C), cool (14L:10D, 12 ± 2.3° C), warm (14L:10D, 28 °C:ambient), or control (ambient temperatures and light). Control animals exhibited courtship behavior fluctuating in intensity with daily ambient temperatures. Animals exhibited high intensity courtship behavior when exposed to warm conditions following emergence from either natural hibernation or a secondary period of laboratory hibernation. Animals placed in the cool regimen were active but exhibited very little courtship behavior. Animals maintained under the cool regimen for 14 days did not initiate courtship behavior when placed in the warm regimen. Studies conducted in the laboratory support the field results. However, whereas animals maintained under the cool regimen for 14 days and then placed in the warm regimen exhibited dramatically reduced courtship behavior, animals placed in the warm regimen after 21 days under the cool regimen initiated courtship of normal intensity and duration. Following the end of all courtship behavior, males exposed to conditions of hibernation for a brief period reinitiated courtship behavior. These data suggest that the areas of the central nervous system critical for the perception of temperature fluctuations and initiation of courtship behavior remained sensitive in late spring. Following the end of the courtship season, females exposed to a brief period of hibernation also reinstated courtship behavior in noncourting males. These data suggest that the length of the courtship season ultimately may be controlled by the presence of attractive females.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of anurans, lizards, and fish to infection with Dracunculus species larvae and implications for their roles as paratenic hosts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin K. Box ◽  
Michael J. Yabsley ◽  
Kayla B. Garrett ◽  
Alec T. Thompson ◽  
Seth T. Wyckoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Paratenic Hosts

AbstractDracunculus spp. are parasitic nematodes that infect numerous species of mammals and reptiles. The life cycles of Dracunculus species are complex, and unknowns remain regarding the role of paratenic and transport hosts in transmission to definitive hosts. We had two primary objectives: to assess the susceptibility of several species of anurans, lizards, and fish as paratenic hosts for Dracunculus species, and to determine the long-term persistence of Dracunculus infections in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Animals were orally exposed to copepods infected with infectious third-stage larvae (L3s) of either Dracunculus insignis or D. medinensis. Dracunculus L3s were recovered from four anuran species, two lizard species, and one fish species, demonstrating that Dracunculus can infect tissues of a diversity of species. In long-term persistence trials, D. medinensis L3s were recovered from African clawed frogs tissues up to 58 days post-infection, and D. insignis L3s were recovered up to 244 days post-infection. Our findings regarding the susceptibility of novel species of frogs, lizards, and fish to infection with Dracunculus nematodes, and long-term persistence of L3s in paratenic hosts, address pressing knowledge gaps regarding Dracunculus infection in paratenic hosts and may guide future research regarding the transmission of Dracunculus to definitive mammalian hosts.

scholarly journals N. I. PETROV IN THE ORGANIZATION OF COLLECTIONS OF THE CHURCH ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM AT THE KYIV THEOLOGICAL ACADEMY

2019 ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
O. Panchuk
Keyword(s):  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Entire Process ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Church

The aim of the paper is to analyze the activities of Professor of the Kyiv Theological Academy, academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine N. I. Petrov on the organization of collections of the Kyiv Church Archaeological Museum. On the basis of archival materials and publications of contemporaries, the role of a scientist in the promotion of donors is determined. They consisted of written gratitude, publication of information about them in printed publications, reports at meetings of the Church and Archaeological Society, personal meetings with mecenats, consultations with reputable scholars and officials. It was established that during the first stage of the company's activity and the museum, the entire process of the museum's assembly was under Petrov 's control. It was found out that at this stage the scientist acquired the necessary experience in organizing the museum business. The scientist acquired at this stage the necessary experience in organizing the museum business. This is especially evident in his efforts to organize personal collections of Archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin), Archbishop Modest (Strelbitsky), writer and traveler A. Muravjov. At the second stage of the existence of a society and a museum, the role of Petrov became even more significant. This is especially evident in his efforts to organize the collections of Bishop Porphyry (Uspensky), Prince of San Domingo (P. Demidov), Mecenat M. Leopardov. Understanding and inclusion in the museum space of these collections significantly influenced the improvement of the museum's exposition scheme and concept. Work on attracting collections has slowed down in the third stage. N. I. Petrov focuses on the improvement of existing collections, their descriptions and conservation.

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