Metamorphosis of the pretarsus in Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thripidae) and Haplothrips verbasci (Osborn) (Phlaeothripidae) (Thysanoptera)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1211-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Heming
Keyword(s):  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Larval Cuticle ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
New Material ◽  
Depressor Muscle ◽  
Pharate Adult

During the propupal and pupal stages of Frankliniella fusca and Haplothrips verbasci, each leg consists of coxa, femur, and tibiotarsus.The adult pretarsus, tarsomeres, and tibial gland of F. fusca arise during the pupal stage through morphogenesis of the distal tibiotarsal epidermis. These structures become functional at the time of adult emergence on the completion of cuticle deposition. Most leg epidermal cells degenerate soon thereafter.The imaginal tarsal depressor muscle develops during the pupal and pharate adult stages through fusion and differentiation of myoblasts originating elsewhere in the body. Myofibrils of the larval pretarsal depressor muscle disappear during the propupal stage but reappear during the pupal and pharate adult stages with a different, adult configuration.At the larval–propupal apolysis, the larval restraining tendons detach at both ends from the larval cuticle, contract, and, throughout metamorphosis, nestle between the epidermis of unguitractor apodeme and tibiotarsus. During the pupal stage the tendons rotate transversely 90° and grow laterally through addition of new material to their sides.In H. verbasci, completion of these events requires an additional pupal stage.Leg metamorphosis in thrips is compared with that occurring in other insects and additional remarks are made on the origin of holometabolism in Thysanoptera.Chez la pronymphe et la nymphe de Frankliniella fusca et d'Haplothrips verbasci, chaque patte est constituée d'une coxa, d'un fémur et d'un tibio-tarse.

The spiracular gill if the fly Orimargula astraliensis and its relation to those of other insects.

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
HE Hinton
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Basal Membrane ◽  
The Body ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pupal Cuticle ◽  
Pharate Adult

The spiracular gills of the aquatic pupa of the fly Orimargula australiensis are the chief respiratory organs of the pharate adult before it sheds the pupal cuticle. Although the spiracular gills are pupal structures, they do not function in the pupal stage because the pupal-adult moult occurs before the larval-pupal ecdysis. Each of the two spiracular gills is five-branched, and a branch of the spiracular atrium is contained within each gill branch. The surface of each gill supports about 700 plastron lines, each of which opens into a cuticular tube or aeropyle that in turn opens into the spiracular atrium. At the pupal-adult moult the layer of epidermis that secreted the gill wall and the layer that secreted the spiracular atrium are left behind in the gill lumen as the body wall epidermis retracts from the pupal cuticle. At this moult a thin sheet of cuticle, the basal membrane, is secreted across the opening into the gill lumen. The blood and epidermis in the gill lumen are thus completely isolated from the living animal by the basal membrane, a layer of moulting fluid, and the adult cuticle. The blood and epidermis discarded and isolated in the lumen of the gill at the pupal-adult moult are essential for the proper functioning of the gill during the pharate adult stage. Absorption of water by the isolated tissue maintains the turgidity of the gills. When the gills are fully stretched and there is no net transferance of water into them, the osmotic pressure of the isolated tissue is 4.5-4.8 atmospheres. The internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor pressure of the gill is thus equivalent to its osmotic pressure less the osmotic pressure of the stream water, which is probably not more than about 0.1 atmospheres. The isolated tissue is competent to repair breaks in the gill wall with sclerotin during the life of the pharate adult. This competence is retained even after the pupal cuticle is shed and the adult has flown away. The structure and function of the spiracular gills of Orimargula are compared with those of other Diptera. The selective value of the tissue isolated in the gills of different species is very diverse, and in some groups the isolated tissue appears to have no selective value. The significance of the reduction or total suppression of the nonpharate pupal stage in the Diptera is discussed.

THE IMMATURE STAGES OF PTYCHOPTERA LENIS LENIS (DIPTERA: PTYCHOPTERIDAE) WITH NOTES ON THEIR BIOLOGY

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (8) ◽  
pp. 1091-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. Hodkinson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Marginal Areas ◽  
Pharate Adult

AbstractThe four larval instars and the pupa of Ptychoptera lenis lenis Osten Sacken are described. Instars 2 to 4 are very similar morphologically but instar 1 is markedly different. Both a pharate pupal and a pharate adult stage were observed. Larvae are found in stagnant marginal areas of ponds where water depth does not exceed 4 cm and where benthic deposits of plant detritus exceed 8 cm. Fourth instar larvae, under experimental conditions, survived up to 45 days without contact with atmospheric oxygen but development was arrested. P. lenis has a 1 year life cycle with an extended adult emergence season from late May to the end of July.

Studies in Ovipositional Behaviour and Control of Sex in Aphytis Melinus Debach, a Parasite of California Red Scale, Aonidiella Aurantii (Mask.).

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Abdelrahman
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maturation Stage ◽  
Aphytis Melinus ◽  
Egg Maturation ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Accepted Practice ◽  
And Control

The growing adult female red scale was the most preferred stage for A. melinus, followed by the second growing instar and lastly the male prepupa. The numbers of scale parasitized, the total of eggs laid, the number of eggs per scale, sex ratio and size of the parasites produced were all ranked in the same order. The mean size of parasites produced within the third instar decreased as the number of parasites per host increased. In the absence of the preferred host stages, female A. melinus laid readily in the unpreferred stages. In both A. melinus and A, chrysomphali it was noted that in multi- parasitism pupation, pupal development and adult emergence of all parasites in one host were synchronized. In A. melinus the sex and number of eggs laid per host are influenced by the host's size and quality. When A. melinus laid more than one egg in one host, it laid female eggs first and male eggs later; apparently the spermatheca goes through a period of fatigue, and is incapable of delivering sperm to the eggs descending the oviduct. Sex ratio decreases with increase in number of parasites per host and density of parasite population relative to hosts. The deposition of parasite eggs in a host by one female was observed during a short cycle of oviposition. A. melinus laid its eggs both 'above' and 'below' the body of the scale, whereas A. chrysomphali did so exclusively 'below'. In young mated A. melinus, eggs laid above the body of the scale were females and those below were males, but in old mated females all eggs, wherever laid, were male. Host development stops as soon as a parasite egg is laid. A. melinus avoids laying eggs in already parasitized hosts. The stages of red scale were ranked according to the percentage of mutilated individuals as: first moult (most mutilated), second instar, first instar, third instar, male prepupa and male pupa; second-moult females, egg-maturation stage and crawler-producing stage were unmutilated. A. melinus sometimes partitions her clutch of eggs into two hosts, particularly when host density is high. Partitioning in A. melinus may substitute for the generally accepted practice of super- parasitism, which would not be appropriate because the parasite is able to distinguish between parasitized and unparasitized hosts, is able to sense host density and to distribute her progeny on available hosts. Partitioning is advantageous for biological control. Behaviour of oviposition, mutilation and mutilation feeding in A. melinus are described in detail.

#MeToo: (Re)Shaping sexual research pedagogies through a new material autoethnographic analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. e20210020
Author(s):  
Angela Underhill
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Human Sexuality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Academic Identities ◽  
Real People ◽  
New Material ◽  
Sexual Research ◽  
Pedagogical Approaches

Historically (and presently), ‘Western’ academic spaces have prioritized certain traits and bodies based on problematic, hierarchical dichotomies. These dichotomies influence ideas around normativity and superiority; for example, truth and reason were historically conceptualized as mutually exclusive from, and of more value than, emotional, subjective experiences, and the body. Such dichotomies perpetuate systems of power and oppression, and they overlook real people who could be in the room who have experienced the ‘abstract’ topic being discussed. In this paper, I extend a call for a shift to embodied pedagogical approaches to the field of human sexuality—a field that comes with heightened risks and opportunities given the nature of topics covered. Through exploring my own experiences within sexuality classrooms at various stages of my academic career, I interrogate the ‘safety’ of distancing academic identities from embodied knowledge; who is actually protected by these practices; who is more at risk? A shift in pedagogical approaches may allow students (and educators) to better engage with, and appreciate, the importance of confronting knowledge that may be emotionally challenging.

Development-Specific Incorporation of [14C]5-Aminolevulinate and [3H]Leucine into Cytochrome c and Biliprotein in the Butterfly, Pieris brassicae. Correlation with the Ecdysteroid Titer in the Pupa

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 948-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartmut Kayser ◽  
Ute Krull-Savage
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Time Course ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Preceding Paper ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Pieris Brassicae ◽  
Total Soluble Protein

Abstract Incorporation of [14C]5-aminolevulinate and [3H]leucine into cytochrome c, biliprotein and total soluble protein was followed from the last larval instar to the adult stage in Pieris brassicae. The titer of ecdysteroids during the pupal stage was determined with a radioimmunoassay to correlate synthesis of heme products and of protein(s) with adult differentiation. Incorporation of both precursors showed a developmental profile with high synthetic activities in feeding larvae and in pupae after the release of ecdysteroids. Variation of the hormone titer during pupal life differed significantly in males and females. Labeling of cytochrome c by both 14C and 3H was as expected from the variation of its concentration reported in a preceding paper; highest in corporation was around adult emergence. The results demonstrate that i) the accumulation of cytochrome c in the developing adult insect is primarily due to de novo synthesis of both heme and apocytochrome c, performed under coordinate control, and ii) the concentration of 5-aminolevulinate is not rate-limiting in the formation of cytochrome c. Biliverdin IXγ, the major tetrapyrrolic product in this insect, seems to be directly derived from (free) heme and relatively short-lived as deduced from a time-course study. Formation of the bilin, i.e. destruction of heme, increased concomitantly to the initiation of adult differentiation by ecdysteroids in the pupa but later decreased at adult emergence. Synthesis of cytochrome c takes place as a late event during terminal development. Thus, the pathways leading to the two major heme products seem to be differently regulated during development.

Nesting biology and life history of the dung beetle Onthophagus lecontei (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Arellano ◽  
C. Castillo-Guevara ◽  
C. Huerta ◽  
A. Germán-García ◽  
C. Lara
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Nesting Behavior ◽  
Nesting Biology ◽  
Preimaginal Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Capra Aegagrus

Obtaining knowledge about a species’ life history and reproductive behaviour is fundamental for understanding its biology, ecology, and potential role in ecosystem services. Here, we focused on the dung beetle species Onthophagus lecontei. Adults were collected in the field and then confined to terrariums, where they were supplied with semi-fresh domestic goat dung (Capra aegagrus Erxleben, 1777). After being paired (26 pairs), the nesting behavior of beetles was observed under laboratory conditions and the preimaginal development of individuals obtained from mating (from the deposition of the egg until the emergence of the adult) was described. Their nesting behavior was found to be characteristic of what is known as pattern I, which comprises building of brood masses, oviposition of a single egg in each brood mass, development of three larval instars, construction of a pupation chamber, pupal stage and adult emergence. Both sexes were involved in the handling of dung, tunnel construction, and mass nest elaboration. Pairs built from one to seven brood masses. The pre-nesting period (feeding) lasted 16 days; the egg stage two days, the larval period 22 days; the pupal period 11 days and the imagoes four days, after which the adults emerged. Our results are discussed and compared with other species in the genus. However, our knowledge of this dung beetle is still limited, and further studies are required in all areas of its biology.

Timing of initiation of pharate adult development in Barbara colfaxiana (Kft.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 2305-2306 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Sahota ◽  
S. H. Farris ◽  
A. Ibaraki
Keyword(s):  
Adult Development ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Adult Diapause ◽  
Timing Of Initiation ◽  
Pharate Adult

Timing of initiation of pharate adult development in relation to 1- and 2-year pharate adult diapause of Barbara colfaxiana was investigated. Histological studies and adult emergence revealed that pharate adult development starts within 24 h after pupation both in 1- and 2-year diapause individuals.

LIFE HISTORY STUDIES OF THE TOBACCO FLEA BEETLE, EPITRIX HIRTIPENNIS (MELSHEIMER) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Davis Martin ◽  
G. A. Herzog
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean

The life history of the tobacco flea beetle, Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer) (= Epitrix parvula Fab.) was studied under the controlled conditions of 27 ± 2.8°C, 80 ± 6% and a 14L:10D photophase. Eggs matured in ca. 4 days, the larval stage, including 3 instars, developed in 13 days, prepupal development took 3 days and the pupal stage lasted approximately 5 days. There was a 24 day interval between oviposition and adult emergence. Females laid 3.1 eggs/day with a 13 day period between adult emergence and first oviposition. The mean number of total eggs/female was 138.6 ± 14.7. Female oviposition continued until a few days before death and adult longevity was approximately 70 days. A visual means of distinguishing between male and female beetles was also developed.

Evaluation in cats of a new material for cranioplasty: a composite of plaster of Paris and hydroxylapatite

1988 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Rawlings ◽  
Robert H. Wilkins ◽  
Jacob S. Hanker ◽  
Nicholas G. Georgiade ◽  
John M. Harrelson
Keyword(s):  
Bone Formation ◽  
Frontal Sinus ◽  
Wound Dehiscence ◽  
Bone Defects ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Bone Formation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Plaster Of Paris ◽  
New Material ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The materials ordinarily used to reconstruct bone defects in the calvaria and facial bones either are difficult to shape, are partially resorbed by the body, or are likely to become infected if used near a contaminated area such as the frontal sinus. Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (plaster of Paris) has been known for years to have excellent reparative qualities in bone defects, but ordinarily it is quickly resorbed. Consequently, a new material, a composite of a dense form of plaster of Paris and hydroxylapatite, was devised to provide nonabsorbable hydroxylapatite particles for bone to form around and within during the phase of plaster absorption. Two types of this material were evaluated in cranial defects in cats. Each of the plaster of Paris/hydroxylapatite mixtures was placed into a surgically unroofed frontal sinus and into a contralateral parietal trephine hole in a group of 32 cats. Two cats in each group succumbed to anesthesia, leaving two sets of 30 cats. During the entire follow-up period there was only one other death, with no evidence of wound infection, wound dehiscence, implant rejection, or cerebral dysfunction among the survivors. The cats in each group were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 12 months after operation. Following sacrifice, both the frontal and parietal defects were exposed and examined visually, histologically, and with histomorphometric analysis for new bone formation. New bone formation was present as early as 1 month after operation and continued to increase during the 12 months of the study. Based upon these osteogenic qualities, the ease of shaping the composite, and the lack of infection in the frontal sinus region, it is concluded that this substance could be a valuable new material for human cranioplasty.

Biomorphic Silicon Carbide Ceramics Coated with Bioactive Glass for Medical Applications

2006 ◽  
Vol 514-516 ◽  
pp. 970-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinto P. Borrajo ◽  
Pio González ◽  
Julia Serra ◽  
Sara Liste ◽  
Stefano Chiussi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Bioactive Glass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bioactive Materials ◽  
Bioactive Coatings ◽  
Metallic Substrates ◽  
New Material ◽  
Carbide Ceramics ◽  
Silicon Carbide Ceramics

There is a need to develop new tough bioactive materials capable to withstand high loads when implanted in the body and with improved fixation, which led to the production of bioactive coatings on metallic substrates. A new approach, which consists of biomorphic silicon carbide (SiC) coated with bioactive glass, was recently presented. This new material joins the high mechanical strength, lightness and porosity of biomorphic SiC, and the bioactive properties of PLD glass films. In this work, a multiple evaluation in terms of biocompatibility of this new material was carried out starting from the biomorphic SiC morphology and porosity, following with the bioactivity of the coatings in simulated body fluid, and ending with a deep biocompatibility study with MG-63 cells. Different ranges of porosity and pore size were offered by the biomorphic SiC depending on the starting wood. The PLD glassy coatings had a high bioactivity in vitro and both the biomorphic SiC coated and uncoated presented high levels of biocompatibility.

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