The spiracular gill if the fly Orimargula astraliensis and its relation to those of other insects.

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
HE Hinton
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Basal Membrane ◽  
The Body ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pupal Cuticle ◽  
Pharate Adult

The spiracular gills of the aquatic pupa of the fly Orimargula australiensis are the chief respiratory organs of the pharate adult before it sheds the pupal cuticle. Although the spiracular gills are pupal structures, they do not function in the pupal stage because the pupal-adult moult occurs before the larval-pupal ecdysis. Each of the two spiracular gills is five-branched, and a branch of the spiracular atrium is contained within each gill branch. The surface of each gill supports about 700 plastron lines, each of which opens into a cuticular tube or aeropyle that in turn opens into the spiracular atrium. At the pupal-adult moult the layer of epidermis that secreted the gill wall and the layer that secreted the spiracular atrium are left behind in the gill lumen as the body wall epidermis retracts from the pupal cuticle. At this moult a thin sheet of cuticle, the basal membrane, is secreted across the opening into the gill lumen. The blood and epidermis in the gill lumen are thus completely isolated from the living animal by the basal membrane, a layer of moulting fluid, and the adult cuticle. The blood and epidermis discarded and isolated in the lumen of the gill at the pupal-adult moult are essential for the proper functioning of the gill during the pharate adult stage. Absorption of water by the isolated tissue maintains the turgidity of the gills. When the gills are fully stretched and there is no net transferance of water into them, the osmotic pressure of the isolated tissue is 4.5-4.8 atmospheres. The internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor pressure of the gill is thus equivalent to its osmotic pressure less the osmotic pressure of the stream water, which is probably not more than about 0.1 atmospheres. The isolated tissue is competent to repair breaks in the gill wall with sclerotin during the life of the pharate adult. This competence is retained even after the pupal cuticle is shed and the adult has flown away. The structure and function of the spiracular gills of Orimargula are compared with those of other Diptera. The selective value of the tissue isolated in the gills of different species is very diverse, and in some groups the isolated tissue appears to have no selective value. The significance of the reduction or total suppression of the nonpharate pupal stage in the Diptera is discussed.

Spiracular Gills in the Marine Fly Aphrosylus and their Relation to the Respiratory Horns of Other Dolichopodidae

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Hinton
Keyword(s):  
Intertidal Zone ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Basal Membrane ◽  
The Body ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pupal Cuticle ◽  
Pharate Adult ◽  
Labial Glands

The larva of the dolichopodid fly Aphrosylus celtiber Haliday is an omnivorous carnivore in the intertidal zone. It pupates in an air-filled cocoon of debris and a secretion of the labial glands. The pupa has plastron-bearing spiracular gills that have been evolved from respiratory horns similar to those of recent terrestrial Dolichopodidae.Although the spiracular gills are pupal structures, they are the chief respiratory organs of the young adult, i.e. the pharate adult, before it emerges from the cocoon. At the pupal-adult apolysis the layer of epidermis that secreted the gill wall and the layer that secreted the spiracular atrium are left behind in the lumen of the gill, together with blood, as the body wall epidermis retracts away from the pupal cuticle. A thin sheet of cuticle, the basal membrane, is secreted across the opening into the gill lumen at this time. The epidermis and blood in the gill lumen are thus completely isolated from the haemocoele of the living animal by the basal membrane, a layer of moulting fluid, and the adult cuticle. The tissue contained in the respiratory horns of terrestrial Dolichopodidae is isolated in a precisely similar manner.The tissue isolated in the lumen of the gill of Aphrosylus does not degenerate until after the pupal-adult ecdysis. It seems to be discarded because, on balance, its loss is less damaging than the cost that would be incurred in other ways by its absorption or retraction into the body of the adult. For instance, in order to absorb the tissue in such long appendages, or to retract all of the epidermis from within them, would necessarily prolong the moulting period, a period when the insect is particularly vulnerable.

Metamorphosis of the pretarsus in Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thripidae) and Haplothrips verbasci (Osborn) (Phlaeothripidae) (Thysanoptera)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1211-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Heming
Keyword(s):  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Larval Cuticle ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
New Material ◽  
Depressor Muscle ◽  
Pharate Adult

During the propupal and pupal stages of Frankliniella fusca and Haplothrips verbasci, each leg consists of coxa, femur, and tibiotarsus.The adult pretarsus, tarsomeres, and tibial gland of F. fusca arise during the pupal stage through morphogenesis of the distal tibiotarsal epidermis. These structures become functional at the time of adult emergence on the completion of cuticle deposition. Most leg epidermal cells degenerate soon thereafter.The imaginal tarsal depressor muscle develops during the pupal and pharate adult stages through fusion and differentiation of myoblasts originating elsewhere in the body. Myofibrils of the larval pretarsal depressor muscle disappear during the propupal stage but reappear during the pupal and pharate adult stages with a different, adult configuration.At the larval–propupal apolysis, the larval restraining tendons detach at both ends from the larval cuticle, contract, and, throughout metamorphosis, nestle between the epidermis of unguitractor apodeme and tibiotarsus. During the pupal stage the tendons rotate transversely 90° and grow laterally through addition of new material to their sides.In H. verbasci, completion of these events requires an additional pupal stage.Leg metamorphosis in thrips is compared with that occurring in other insects and additional remarks are made on the origin of holometabolism in Thysanoptera.Chez la pronymphe et la nymphe de Frankliniella fusca et d'Haplothrips verbasci, chaque patte est constituée d'une coxa, d'un fémur et d'un tibio-tarse.

Influence of Ascorbic Acid on the Structure and Function of Alpha-2- macroglobulin: Investigations using Spectroscopic and Thermodynamic Techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
Syed Saqib Ali ◽  
Mohammad Khalid Zia ◽  
Tooba Siddiqui ◽  
Haseeb Ahsan ◽  
Fahim Halim Khan
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Titration Calorimetry ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Plasma Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Dietary Antioxidant ◽  
And Function

Background: Ascorbic acid is a classic dietary antioxidant which plays an important role in the body of human beings. It is commonly found in various foods as well as taken as dietary supplement. Objective: The plasma ascorbic acid concentration may range from low, as in chronic or acute oxidative stress to high if delivered intravenously during cancer treatment. Sheep alpha-2- macroglobulin (α2M), a human α2M homologue is a large tetrameric glycoprotein of 630 kDa with antiproteinase activity, found in sheep’s blood. Methods: In the present study, the interaction of ascorbic acid with alpha-2-macroglobulin was explored in the presence of visible light by utilizing various spectroscopic techniques and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Results: UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy suggests the formation of a complex between ascorbic acid and α2M apparent by increased absorbance and decreased fluorescence. Secondary structural changes in the α2M were investigated by CD and FT-IR spectroscopy. Our findings suggest the induction of subtle conformational changes in α2M induced by ascorbic acid. Thermodynamics signatures of ascorbic acid and α2M interaction indicate that the binding is an enthalpy-driven process. Conclusion: It is possible that ascorbic acid binds and compromises antiproteinase activity of α2M by inducing changes in the secondary structure of the protein.

A Guide to Old Spanish

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven N. Dworkin
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Standard Language ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Sound System ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
And Function ◽  
Linguistic Structures ◽  
Verb Tense ◽  
Modern Standard

This book describes the linguistic structures that constitute Medieval or Old Spanish as preserved in texts written prior to the beginning of the sixteenth century. It emphasizes those structures that contrast with the modern standard language. Chapter 1 presents methodological issues raised by the study of a language preserved only in written sources. Chapter 2 examines questions involved in reconstructing the sound system of Old Spanish before discussing relevant phonetic and phonological details. The chapter ends with an overview of Old Spanish spelling practices. Chapter 3 presents in some detail the nominal, verbal, and pronominal morphology of the language, with attention to regional variants. Chapter 4 describes selected syntactic structures, with emphasis on the noun phrase, verb phrase, object pronoun placement, subject-verb-object word order, verb tense, aspect, and mood. Chapter 5 begins with an extensive list of Old Spanish nouns, adjectives, verbs, and function words that have not survived into the modern standard language. It then presents examples of coexisting variants (doublets) and changes of meaning, and finishes with an overview of the creation of neologisms in the medieval language through derivational morphology (prefixation, suffixation, compounding). The book concludes with an anthology composed of three extracts from Spanish prose texts, one each from the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. The extracts contain footnotes that highlight relevant morphological, syntactic, and lexical features, with cross references to the relevant sections in the body of the book.

scholarly journals Does Motor Training of the Nonparetic Side Influences Balance and Function in Chronic Stroke? A Pilot RCT

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanta Pandian ◽  
Kamal Narayan Arya ◽  
Dharmendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Functional Performance ◽  
Berg Balance Scale ◽  
Chronic Stroke ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Therapy Program ◽  
Functional Reach Test ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
And Function ◽  
Experimental Group

Background. Balance and functional abilities are controlled by both sides of the body. The role of nonparetic side has never been explored for such skills.Objective. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of a motor therapy program primarily involving the nonparetic side on balance and function in chronic stroke.Method. A randomized controlled, double blinded trial was conducted on 39 poststroke hemiparetic subjects (21, men; mean age, 42 years; mean poststroke duration, 13 months). They were randomly divided into the experimental group(n=20)and control group(n=19). The participants received either motor therapy focusing on the nonparetic side along with the conventional program or conventional program alone for 8 weeks (3 session/week, 60 minutes each). The balance ability was assessed using Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Functional Reach Test (FRT) while the functional performance was measured by Barthel Index (BI).Result. After intervention, the experimental group exhibited significant(P<0.05)change on BBS (5.65 versus 2.52) and BI (12.75 versus 2.16) scores in comparison to the control group.Conclusion. The motor therapy program incorporating the nonparetic side along with the affected side was found to be effective in enhancing balance and function in stroke.

The Medial Wall of the Cavernous Sinus: Microsurgical Anatomy

Neurosurgery ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Yasuda ◽  
Alvaro Campero ◽  
Carolina Martins ◽  
Albert L. Rhoton ◽  
Guilherme C. Ribas
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Cavernous Sinus ◽  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medial Wall ◽  
Microsurgical Anatomy ◽  
Pituitary Fossa ◽  
Adjacent Structures

Abstract OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to clarify the boundaries, relationships, and components of the medial wall of the cavernous sinus (CS). METHODS: Forty CSs, examined under ×3 to ×40 magnification, were dissected from lateral to medial in a stepwise fashion to expose the medial wall. Four CSs were dissected starting from the midline to lateral. RESULTS: The medial wall of the CS has two parts: sellar and sphenoidal. The sellar part is a thin sheet that separates the pituitary fossa from the venous spaces in the CS. This part, although thin, provided a barrier without perforations or defects in all cadaveric specimens studied. The sphenoidal part is formed by the dura lining the carotid sulcus on the body of the sphenoid bone. In all of the cadaveric specimens, the medial wall seemed to be formed by a single layer of dura that could not be separated easily into two layers as could the lateral wall. The intracavernous carotid was determined to be in direct contact with the pituitary gland, being separated from it by only the thin sellar part of the medial wall in 52.5% of cases. In 39 of 40 CSs, the venous plexus and spaces in the CS extended into the narrow space between the intracavernous carotid and the dura lining the carotid sulcus, which forms the sphenoidal part of the medial wall. The lateral surface of the pituitary gland was divided axially into superior, middle and inferior thirds. The intracavernous carotid coursed lateral to some part of all the superior, middle, and inferior thirds in 27.5% of the CSs, along the inferior and middle thirds in 32.5%, along only the inferior third in 35%, and below the level of the gland and sellar floor in 5%. In 18 of the 40 CSs, the pituitary gland displaced the sellar part of the medial wall laterally and rested against the intracavernous carotid, and in 6 there was a tongue-like lateral protrusion of the gland that extended around a portion of the wall of the intracavernous carotid. No defects were observed in the sellar part of the medial wall, even in the presence of these protrusions. CONCLUSION: The CS has an identifiable medial wall that separates the CS from the sella and capsule of the pituitary gland. The medial wall has two segments, sellar and sphenoidal, and is formed by just one layer of dura that cannot be separated into two layers as can the lateral wall of the CS. In this study, the relationships between the medial wall and adjacent structures demonstrated a marked variability.

The Post-embryonic Development of the Tracheal System in Drosophila melanogaster

1957 ◽  
Vol s3-98 (41) ◽  
pp. 123-150
Author(s):  
JOAN M. WHITTEN
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Air Sacs ◽  
Abdominal Region ◽  
Pupal Cuticle

The fate of the tracheal system is traced from the first larval instar to the adult stage. The basic larval pattern conforms to that shown for other Diptera Cyclorrhapha (Whitten, 1955), and is identical in all three instars. According to previous accounts the adult system directly replaces the larval: the larval system is partly shed, partly histolysed, and the adult system arises from imaginal cell clusters independently of the preceding larval system. In contrast, it is shown here that in the cephalic, thoracic, and anterior abdominal region there is a definite continuity in the tracheal system, from larval, through pupal to the adult stage, whereas in the posterior abdominal region the larval system is histolysed, and the adult system is independent of it in origin. Moreover, in the pupal stage this region is tracheated by tracheae arising from the anterior abdominal region and belonging to a distinct pupal system. Moulting of the tracheal linings is complete at the first and second larval ecdyses, but incomplete at the third larval-pupal and pupal-adult ecdyses. In consequence, in both pupal and adult systems there are tracheae which are secreted around preexisting tracheae, others formed as new ‘branch’ tracheae, and those which have been carried over from the previous instar. In the adult the newly formed tracheae of the posterior abdominal region fall into a fourth category. Most of the adult thoracic air sacs correspond to new ‘branch’ tracheae of other instars. The pre-pupal moult and instar are discussed with reference to the tracheal system and tentative suggestions are made concerning the true nature of the pre-pupal cuticle. There is no pre-pupal tracheal system. Events traced for Drosophila would seem to be general for Cyclorrhapha, both Acalypterae and Calypterae. The separate fates of the anterior and posterior abdom inal systems, in contrast with the straightforward development in Dipterc Nematocera, would appear to mark a distinct step in the evolution of the system in Diptera.

Mechanobiology and Adaptive Plasticity (MAP) Theory as a Potential Confounding Factor in Predicting Musculoskeletal Foot Function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Physical Nature ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adaptive Plasticity ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Kinetic Information ◽  
Foot Function ◽  
Clinical Variation ◽  
And Function

There are many theoretical models that attempt to accurately and consistently link kinematic and kinetic information to musculoskeletal pain and deformity of the foot. Biomechanical theory of the foot lacks a consensual model: clinicians are enticed to draw from numerous paradigms, each having different levels of supportive evidence and contrasting methods of evaluation, in order to engage in clinical deduction and treatment planning. Contriving to find a link between form and function lies at the heart of most of these competing theories and the physical nature of the discipline has prompted an engineering approach. Physics is of great importance in biology and helps us to model the forces that the foot has to deal with in order for it to work effectively. However, the tissues of the body have complex processes that are in place to protect them and they are variable between individuals. Research is uncovering why these differences exist and how these processes are governed. The emerging explanations for adaptability of foot structure and musculoskeletal homeostasis offer new insights on how clinical variation in outcomes and treatment effects might arise. These biological processes underlie how variation in the performance and utilisation of common traits, even within apparently similar sub-groups, make anatomical distinction less meaningful and are likely to undermine the justification of a 'foot type'. Furthermore, mechanobiology introduces a probabilistic element to morphology based on genetic and epigenetic factors.

scholarly journals MOS1 Osmosensor of Metarhizium anisopliae Is Required for Adaptation to Insect Host Hemolymph

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengshu Wang ◽  
Zhibing Duan ◽  
Raymond J. St. Leger
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Adaptor Proteins ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Oxidative Stresses ◽  
Hyphal Bodies ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Src Homology

ABSTRACT Entomopathogenic fungi such as Metarhizium anisopliae infect insects by direct penetration of the cuticle, after which the fungus adapts to the high osmotic pressure of the hemolymph and multiplies. Here we characterize the M. anisopliae Mos1 gene and demonstrate that it encodes the osmosensor required for this process. MOS1 contains transmembrane regions and a C-terminal Src homology 3 domain similar to those of yeast osmotic adaptor proteins, and homologs of MOS1 are widely distributed in the fungal kingdom. Reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated that Mos1 is up-regulated in insect hemolymph as well as artificial media with high osmotic pressure. Transformants containing an antisense vector directed to the Mos1 mRNA depleted transcript levels by 80%. This produced selective alterations in regulation of genes involved in hyphal body formation, cell membrane stiffness, and generation of intracellular turgor pressure, suggesting that these processes are mediated by MOS1. Consistent with a role in stress responses, transcript depletion of Mos1 increased sensitivity to osmotic and oxidative stresses and to compounds that interfere with cell wall biosynthesis. It also disrupted developmental processes, including formation of appressoria and hyphal bodies. Insect bioassays confirmed that Mos1 knockdown significantly reduces virulence. Overall, our data show that M. anisopliae MOS1 mediates cellular responses to high osmotic pressure and subsequent adaptations to colonize host hemolymph.

Morphometry in schizophrenia revisited: height and its relationship to pre-morbid function

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. NOPOULOS ◽  
M. FLAUM ◽  
S. ARNDT ◽  
N. ANDREASEN
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Lower Quartile ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Background. Morphometry, the measurement of forms, is an ancient practice. In particular, schizophrenic somatology was popular early in this century, but has been essentially absent from the literature for over 30 years. More recently, evidence has grown to support the notion that aberrant neurodevelopment may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Is the body, like the brain, affected by abnormal development in these patients?Methods. To evaluate global deficit in development and its relationship to pre-morbid function, height was compared in a large group (N=226) of male schizophrenics and a group of healthy male controls (N=142) equivalent in parental socio-economic status. Patients in the lower quartile of height were compared to those in the upper quartile of height.Results. The patient group had a mean height of 177·1 cm, which was significantly shorter than the mean height of the control group of 179·4 (P<0·003). Those in the lower quartile had significantly poorer pre-morbid function as measured by: (1) psychosocial adjustment using the pre-morbid adjustment scales for childhood and adolescence/young adulthood, and (2) cognitive function using measures of school performance such as grades and need for special education. In addition, these measures of pre-morbid function correlated significantly with height when analysed using the entire sample.Conclusions. These findings provide further support to the idea that abnormal development may play a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, this is manifested as a global deficit in growth and function resulting in smaller stature, poorer social skills, and deficits in cognitive abilities.

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