The effect of snow cover on the social behavior of bighorn rams and mountain goats

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 987-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald G. Petocz
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Ovis Canadensis ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mountain Goats ◽  
Snow Conditions ◽  
Favorable Weather

The social behavior of bighorn rams (Ovis canadensis canadensis) and mountain goats (Oreamons americanus) were studied quantitatively under different snow regimes in two winters. It was found that snow cover has little noticeable effect on the intensity of social behavior for mountain sheep during the rutting season. Thick snow cover reduces the total number of social behavior patterns per ram during the postrut; among mountain goats the number of social behavior patterns per individual remains consistently high. The thickness of the snow cover effects circumstantial changes in the function of specific behavior patterns among rams. Under extreme snow conditions, rams begin to exhibit rarely seen aggressive behavior. During deep snow, both species show an increase in overt aggressive behavior and a reduction in dominance displays. Under conditions of low snow and favorable weather rams increasingly engage in clashing, dominance displays, and appeasement behavior and reduce aggressive bulling.

Travel in alpine terrain: energy expenditures for locomotion by mountain goats and bighorn sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 2368-2375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas V. Dailey ◽  
N. Thompson Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Bighorn Sheep ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Ovis Canadensis ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Mountain Goats ◽  
Cost Of Locomotion ◽  
Weight One ◽  
Snow Conditions

We used indirect calorimetry to measure energy expenditure for locomotion by three mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) and five bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in response to variation in level of activity, slope of travel, and snow conditions. The energetic increment of standing over lying averaged 26% for the two species. We could detect no difference between species in the net cost of travel on level surfaces [Formula: see text]. Energy expended by bighorn sheep and mountain goats for lifting 1 kg of body weight one vertical metre on a 21.5° slope (ca. 37 J/(kg∙m)) exceeded the highest cost documented for quadrupeds. Energy expended walking down a 21.5° slope exceeded energy expenditure for horizontal locomotion, or was recovered inefficiently (ca. 25% recovery of potential energy). The relative increase in the net cost of locomotion in snow achieved an asymptote when sinking depth exceeded 1.2–2.0 times brisket height. The slope of the relative increase in the net cost of locomotion as a function of sinking depth/brisket height was lower for mountain goats than for any North American ungulate studied to date. Consequently, mountain goats were less efficient than other species when snow was shallow, but were more efficient when it was deep. We explain this result on the basis of interspecific differences in locomotory behavior and foot loading.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN PERILAKU SOSIAL ANAK DALAM KEGIATAN BERMAIN BALOK PADA ANAK USIA 4-6 TAHUN di TPA PENA PRIMA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Faridatul Hasanah ◽  
M. Kristanto ◽  
Mila Karmila
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Data Selection ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
The Social ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Data Validity

ABSTRAKLatar belakang yang mendorong penelitian ini adalah perilaku sosial anak saat bermain balok masih suka berebutan,belum mau berbagi, pilih-pilih teman, mengejek hasil karya teman, berteriak saat berbicara dengan temannya.Pola perilaku sosial anak dapat dilihat dalam semua kegiatan, salah satunya kegiatan bermain balok yang dilakukan oleh anak-anak.Maka dari itu, dalam penelitian ini peneliti ingin menggali dan mendeskripsikan kemampuan perilaku sosial saat anak bermain balok.Fokus dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis kemampuan perilaku sosial yang terdapat dalam kegiatan bermain balok dengan tujuan mendeskripsikan perilaku sosial dengan temannya saat bermain balok.Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif, penelitian kualitatif adalah metode penelitian yang berlandaskan pada filsafat postpositivisme, digunakan untuk meneliti pada kondisi obyek yang alamiah.Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, dokumentasi dan wawancara.Teknik keabsahan data menggunakan trianggulasi.Teknik analisis data menggunakan pengumpulan data, seleksi data, menyajikan data dan penarikan kesimpualan.Hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya perbedaan perilaku sosial pada masing-masing anak dalam melakukan kegiatan bermain balok baik dalam perilaku meniru, persaingan, kerja sama, simpati, empati, dukungan sosial, membagi, dan perilaku akrab.Saran yang peneliti berikan sebaiknya orang tua mengajarkan anak untuk berperilaku baik, menjadi model buat anak untuk berperilaku baik, serta menjelaskan tentang perilaku baik dan perilaku buruk.Bagi guru mengajarkan pada anak berperilaku baik saat pembelajaran maupun diluar pembelajaran.Bagi sekolah menyediakan fasilitas yang mendukung untuk bermain balok.Kata kunci: Perilaku sosial, balok  ABSTRACTEncouraging background of this research is the social behavior of children while playing the beam is still fond of scrambling, not willing to share, picky friends, mocking the work of friends, screaming when talking with friends.Child's social behavior patterns can be seen in all activities, one of which is playing block activities performed by children. Therefore, in this study researchers want to explore and describe the ability of social behavior when children play blocks.The focus in this study is the analysis of social behavior capabilities contained in the playing of blocks with the aim of describing social behavior with friends while playing the beam.This research uses qualitative research, qualitative research is a research method based on postpositivism philosophy, used to examine the condition of natural objects. Methods of data collection using observation, documentation and interviews. The data validity technique uses triangulation. Data analysis techniques use data collection, data selection, presenting data and draw a conclusion.The results of the study showed that there were differences in social behavior in each of the children in performing good beam activities in imitative behavior, competition, cooperation, sympathy, empathy, social support, sharing, and familiar behavior.Suggestions that researchers give parents should teach children to behave well, be a model for children to behave well, and explain about good behavior and bad behavior. For the teacher to teach the children well behaved during learning and beyond learning.For schools providing supportive facilities for playing the beams.Keyword:Social behavior, Beam

scholarly journals Érzelmi És Társas Mintázatok a Fapofa- (Still Face) Helyzetben 3–6 Hónapos Csecsemőknél

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-454
Author(s):  
Hámori Eszter ◽  
Simon Réka Barbara ◽  
Márkus Lilla Viktória ◽  
Farkas Flóra
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Social Strategies ◽  
Stress Regulation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Global Coding

Háttér és célkitűzések:A fapofa-paradigma (Tronick, Als, Adamson, Wise és Brazelton 1978) szokatlan megszakításos helyzetet teremt az anya-csecsemő interakcióban, így az egyik leggyakrabban alkalmazott eljárás az egyéni és a diádikus társas és stressz-szabályozási minták vizsgálatában csecsemőkorban. A kódrendszerek sokfélesége miatt azonban ellentmondásosak az eredmények a mintázatok azonosításában. Jelen tanulmányban egyik célunk egy olyan globális kódrendszer kialakítása volt, amellyel külön vizsgálhatjuk a társas viselkedés és az érzelemkifejezés szerepét a regulációs mintázatok formálódásában. Másik célunk a fapofa- és a regulációs szakaszokra jellemző társasviselkedés-mintázatok keresése és a két szakasz közötti változásuk vizsgálata volt.Módszer:101 3–6 hónapos, tipikusan fejlődő csecsemő-anya párral vettük fel a fapofa-paradigmát. A csecsemők érzelmi állapotát, társas viselkedését és stressz-szintjének alakulását a jelen kutatásra kidolgozott Érzelmi és Társas Szabályozási Mintázatok Globális Kódrendszerével értékeltük a fapofa- és a regulációs szakaszokban.Eredmények:Az érzelmi dimenzió mintázatai egyértelműen mutatták a klasszikus fapofa-hatást a mintában. A társas dimenzióban négy fő mintázatot defi niáltunk: anyára pozitív, anyára negatív, anyára vegyes és minimalizáló. A fapofa-szakasz domináns társas mintázatai eltérően jósolták be a regulációs szakasz társas mintázatait. A társas viselkedés két szakasz közötti változásában a stressz-szinttel való összefüggésük mentén adaptív, rizikós és többesélyes mintázatokat azonosítottunk. Klaszterelemzéssel egy Nyugodt és egy Nyűgös csoport különült el, amiben az érzelmi dimenzió differenciáló szerepe emelkedett ki a társas dimenzióval szemben.Következtetések:Eredményeink alátámasztják, hogy már 3 hónapos kortól jelen lehetnek a stressz szabályozására specifi kus, egyéni regulációs mintázatok. Kódrendszerünk a globális dimenziók alkalmazásának fontosságára hívja fel a fi gyelmet, amely informálhat az összetett érzelmi, valamint a társasviselkedés-mintázatok és a stresszreguláció kölcsönkapcsolatáról, és így hozzájárulhat azok adaptív vagy maladaptív jellegének felméréséhez.Background and aims:The Face-to-Face-Still-Face Paradigm (FFSF, Tronick et al, 1978) artifi cially generates an unusual perturbation in the infant-mother interaction and as such has become a widely used procedure in the investigation of individual and dyadic social and stress regulation in infancy. The various coding systems, however, have brought about controversial results in the identifi cations of regulatory patterns. One of our aims was to develop a global coding system, by means of which the role of the social and emotional regulatory behaviors in the formations of organized regulatory patterns could be evaluated separately. Our second aim was to search for social behavior patterns exhibitive of the Still Face and Regulatory episodes as well as to examine their changes from one episode to to other.Method:The FFSF paradigm was administered to 101 typically developing 3-6 months-old infant-mother dyads. The emotional state, the social behavior and the changes in the stress level of the infant were evaluated in two episodes of the FFSFP by the Global Coding System of Emotional and Social Regulatory Patterns that has been developed for the purpose of this study.Results:The classical Still-Face effect has been clearly demonstrated by the results of the emotional state dimension. Beyond this, we identifi ed four social regulatory patterns: positive-to-mother, negative-to-mother, ambivalent-to-mother and minimization. The dominant social patterns in the Still-Face episode predicted variously those in the Reunion episode. Different patterns of the interrelations of the changes in social strategies and the stress level in the Reunion episode could be identifi ed as adaptive, risk and multi chance patterns. Two groups of infants have been separated by the cluster analysis, the calm and the fussy groups. Emotional dimension, as contrast to social dimension, has emerged as signifi cant clustering predictor. Conclusion: Our results support the hypotheses that individual stress regulatory patterns can be present from as early as three months of infant age. Our coding system draws attention to the importance of global behavioral coding dimensions that can inform us about the interconnection between the complex emotional and social behavior patterns and the stress regulation and thus can contribute to the exploration of their adaptive versus maladaptive nature.

On the Social Behavior in a Stable Group of Long-Tailed Field Mice (Apodemus Sylvaticus). I. an Interpretation of Defensive Postures

Behaviour ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Bovet
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Stable Group ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Species Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Field Mice ◽  
Type Of Behavior

AbstractThe social behavior of a group of four adult (2 ♂ ♂ and 2 ♀ ♀) long-tailed field mice (Apodernus sylvaticus) living together for a long period of time in a large terrarium is described and analyzed. As a rule, the social behavior patterns correspond to those described for other rodent species. Analysis of the occurrence of encounters involving defensive postures with other types of encounters, and the behavior of the mice before they display defensive postures suggest that not only attack and flight, but also amicable and non-social tendencies could be involved in the elicitation of this type of behavior.

The Hitman Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Ferguson ◽  
Stephanie M. Rueda
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Mood Management ◽  
Video Game Play ◽  
Video Game Playing ◽  
Violent Video Game ◽  
The Social

This article explores commonly discussed theories of violent video game effects: the social learning, mood management, and catharsis hypotheses. An experimental study was carried out to examine violent video game effects. In this study, 103 young adults were given a frustration task and then randomized to play no game, a nonviolent game, a violent game with good versus evil theme (i.e., playing as a good character taking on evil), or a violent game in which they played as a “bad guy.” Results indicated that randomized video game play had no effect on aggressive behavior; real-life violent video game-playing history, however, was predictive of decreased hostile feelings and decreased depression following the frustration task. Results do not support a link between violent video games and aggressive behavior, but do suggest that violent games reduce depression and hostile feelings in players through mood management.

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