Self- and allo-grooming behavior in some ground squirrels (Sciuridae), a descriptive study

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Grooming Behavior ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Apocrine Glands ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Agonistic Relationships

The different grooming behavior patterns, postures, and body cleaning motions, analyzed by cinephoto techniques, are first described in three species of ground squirrels, studied in captivity and in the field. Most patterns recorded appear to be widespread among mammals. Some of them, however, appear to be more specialized, reflecting apparently the propensity of some rodents, particularly sciurids, to assume a bipedal, sitting-up posture, and to use the forepaws in "manipulating" tasks. Some "cleaning" motions, particularly face washing and rubbing of some body parts with the limbs, might also represent scent-related behavior. Areas that are known to bear secretory apocrine glands, around the mouth corners for instance, are consistently rubbed. Other body areas, particularly the head region (cheeks, supra- and infra-orbital, occipital, and ear areas), one ventrolateral and anterodorsal area and possibly the root of the tail, dorsally, show darker zones, of oily appearance, that might also be involved in scent-related behavior, during grooming. Allogrooming, also, is often directed onto the above-mentioned areas, particularly the ones on the head. Allogrooming can also be affected by dominance/subordination and (or) agonistic relationships.

Peacekeepers suffered combat-related injuries in Mali: a retrospective, descriptive study

2018 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-166
Author(s):  
Zhao Yongqiang ◽  
H Dousheng ◽  
L Yanning ◽  
M Xin ◽  
W Kunping
Keyword(s):  
Damage Control ◽  
Damage Control Surgery ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Medical Treatment Facility ◽  
Chinese Military ◽  
Overseas Operations ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
Improvised Explosive ◽  
Explosive Devices

PurposeTo describe the combat-related injuries cured by Chinese Level 2 medical treatment facility (CHN L2) in Mali from 1 March 2016 to 1 March 2018, including type of weapon, mortality, nature of injuries, degree and location of injuries and surgical procedures.Methods A retrospective, descriptive study of 176 injured cases that met the terrorist attacks was conducted. The medical data were collected by an electronic database system. All collected data were entered into an Excel spreadsheet for calculation.ResultsWe found that improvised explosive devices (114/176, 65%) were the most commonly used weapons of attack in Mali. 68.75% of the injuries (121/176) were classified as 'minor injuries according to Abbreviated Injury Scale score. As one patient may suffer multiple injuries, each location and nature of injuries was counted separately. Surface injuries were the top (116/197, 58.88%), followed by orthopaedic injuries (52/197, 26.39%) and internal injuries (29/197, 14.72%). The extremities were the most frequently injured body parts (144/197, 73.09%). We operated 175 surgeries to deal with the 176 combat-related injuries, which accounted for 40.05% of all 437 surgeries. The surgical debridement to remove fragments of explosive was the most frequently performed surgery. We also admitted 20 cases (18/176, 34%) into intensive care unit and transferred 40 cases to Level 3 medical facility.Conclusion Peacekeepers taking protective measures for head and trunk frequently got surface injuries. And their unprotected extremities often got injured. The fragment removal was the top surgery and the damage control surgery was the highly technical nature surgery we performed. Chinese military should offer advanced surgical training course to military surgeons who carry out overseas operations.

Comparison of body weights between captive and free-ranging juvenile Richardson's ground squirrels (Spermophilus richardsoni)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1916-1920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah H. Harding ◽  
Josefine C. Rauch
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Free Ranging

Body weights of free-ranging and captive juvenile Richardson's ground squirrels (Spermophilus richardsoni) were determined at regular intervals during the nonhibernating season. Animals in captivity gained weight at a faster rate and to a greater extent than those in their natural habitat. Attainment of maximum weights in captive ground squirrels was associated with a reduction in food intake and could not be related to food availability, a change in temperature, or in photoperiod.

Body-rubbing, marking, and other scent-related behavior in some ground squirrels (Sciuridae), a descriptive study

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 889-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
André L. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Scent Marking ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Reproductive Condition ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Anal Glands ◽  
Apocrine Glands ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Anogenital Area ◽  
Mouth Corner ◽  
Group Members

In some ground squirrels, mainly Arctic and Columbian, body-rubbing can be comfort or marking behavior, depending on the context. The mouth-corner apocrine glands are probably involved in individual/group/mother–offspring recognition. These glands are also rubbed against the substrate, particularly by dominant males. This is apparently scent-marking and seems to express territorialism, dominance, and readiness to fight, particularly when accompanied by clawing of the ground, for the latter case. Marking is also performed in neighboring residences, where it frequently involves fighting and chasing away the intruder. The squirrel also rubs its anogenital area against the substrate. A liquid trail (urine? secretion of the anal glands? both?) is left behind, possibly an indicator of sex and (or) reproductive condition. The anal gland papillae pulsate during some agonistic encounters.Extensive scent dissemination and scent-sharing take place between group members and also their habitat. A dorsal-glandular area is also rubbed against the substrate. Both hostile (biting) and friendly (licking, grooming) responses are apparently focused on scent-producing or s cent-bearing body areas.

Descriptive Study : Overview of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) at COVID-19 Survivors in X Sub-district, Surakarta City, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
pp. 015-020
Author(s):  
Syarifah
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Exercise Behavior ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Outdoor Activity ◽  
Healthy Living ◽  
Special Unit ◽  
Age Range

Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) is a group of behaviors carried out on the basis of self-awareness as a result of learning, which makes a person, family, group or community able to help themselves (independently) in daily life, especially in the field of health and play an active role in realizing public health. WHO has established a special unit and ordered the whole world to adhere to the rules and stages in order to accelerate healing around the world. Even from WHO has emphasized all the time to do a clean lifestyle or what in Indonesia is called PHBS, among others physical distancing, wearing masks, keeping rooms well ventilated, avoiding crowds, cleaning hands, and when coughing closes with elbows (WHO, 2021b). Therefore, researchers are interested to know the overview of clean and healthy living behavior (PHBS) in COVID-19 survivors in X Sub-district Surakarta City, Indonesia. This research was conducted in December 2021 in sub-district X in Surakarta City, Indonesia. Covid19 survivor data in Surakarta city in December as many as 5340 people and in sub-district x as many as 412 people recovered from COVID19. For this study, a sample of 52 reponden was obtained. The characteristics of the respondents observed by the researchers were gender, age, occupation, marital status. A total of 52 respondents were taken randomly in sub-district X, Surakarta City obtained results that spread evenly. The results showed that the characteristics of respondents as COVID19 Survivors were known that the even distribution in the female sex was 53.8%, seen in terms of age in the age range under 20 years of age of 28.8%, dominated by people working in the private sector by 50.0% with married status of 65.4%. COVID19 Survivor behavior patterns include exercise behavior, hand washing habits, mask-wearing behavior and outdoor activity patterns.

Circadian and Ultradian Periodicities of Grooming Behavior in Family Groups of Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) in Captivity

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina V M Azevedo ◽  
Alexandre A L Menenez ◽  
José Wilton Queiroz ◽  
Lúcio Flávio S Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Grooming Behavior ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Family Groups

scholarly journals Research of foraging and resting behaviour of European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) in conditions of zoological garden as a tool for its restitution back to the wild

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-185
Author(s):  
Sandra Fraňová ◽  
Ivan Baláž
Keyword(s):  
Ground Squirrel ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Resting Behaviour ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Spermophilus Citellus ◽  
Long Term Observation ◽  
Two Peaks

AbstractWe decided to focus our research on two basic forms of behaviour occurring in colonies of ground squirrels in semi-natural conditions of zoological gardens-foraging and resting behaviour. Our main goal was to perform an analysis of behaviour of ground squirrels living in captivity and to compare these two categories of behaviour on a set timeline. Our research has been performed throughout the span of years 2011and 2012, during which we were able to observe two separate ground squirrel colonies (A, B). In the analytical part, we described the two main forms of ground squirrels’ behaviour in Zoo Bojnice and we subjected the compiled information to a thorough statistical analysis with the aid of main comparison tools. Based on long-term observation and the analysis of the results, we were able to gather detailed information about the two behaviour categories and their duration within a time frame. The results from the year 2011 confirmed that ground squirrel’s behaviour, bred in captivity, the display of foraging behaviour is the most frequent during the day, as was also observed in wild ground squirrels recorded by Ambros (Ambros, 1999). Within the year 2011 (without human activity) foraging behaviour reaches two peaks with raised frequencies of display, in the daily time periods, the first from 9 to 11 am and the second from 2.30 to 5 pm. We noted a change in behaviour in 2012, when there was a reconstruction nearby the enclosures. These reconstructive activities influenced the behaviour (significant decrease of activity) of the ground squirrels in the presence of the assigned workers approximately until 3 pm, from which time-also in connection with the lessening of the worker’s presence-the foraging behaviour of ground squirrels began to rise rapidly, which held the peak on until 5 pm. Resting behaviour had only one peak with rising trend during the day in dependence on rising temperature of bedding in the enclosure, on which ground squirrels used to sunbathe. These findings give us valuable information about ground squirrels’ behaviour in captivity as well as behaviour influenced by human presence, what can be used in behavioural research of ground squirrels in the wild.

Circadian Rhythmicity of Grooming Behavior During Pregnancy in a Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Family Group in Captivity

1998 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina V.M. Azevedo ◽  
Alexandre A.L. Menezes ◽  
Lúcio F.S. Moreira ◽  
Nelson Marques
Keyword(s):  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Circadian Rhythmicity ◽  
Family Group ◽  
Grooming Behavior ◽  
In Captivity

Breeding Ground Squirrels, Spermophilus beecheyi, in Captivity

1968 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Marsh ◽  
W. E. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Breeding Ground ◽  
Spermophilus Beecheyi ◽  
In Captivity
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