The transmission of Ackertia marmotae Webster, 1967 (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) of groundhogs (Marmota monax) by Ixodes cookei

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald C. Ko
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Marmota Monax ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Dermal Tissue ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Unfertilized Female ◽  
Young Of The Year

Adults of Ackertia marmotae of groundhogs (Marmota monax) were located in lymphatics. Few microfilariae were recovered from blood but large numbers were in the reticular layer of the dermis, especially in skin of the ears. Microfilariae tended to accumulate in dermal tissue at feeding sites of Ixodes cookei.In laboratory-reared I. cookei maintained at 30C, microfilariae developed to the infective stage in about 1 month. First- and second-stage larvae were usually recovered from fat cells but some were also in epidermal cells. Infective larvae were found in the haemocoel and in ducts of salivary glands. Morphological changes of larvae during development are described; there is no "sausage-stage."One unfertilized female and one adult male A. marmotae were recovered from two groundhogs inoculated with infective larvae from laboratory-reared ticks. The prepatent period is estimated to be at least 1 year.Twenty-eight percent of 426 adult groundhogs examined in southern Ontario had adult worms. Microfilariae and adult worms were not found in 76 young of the year and 59 yearling animals.

Development of Turgida turgida (Rudolphi, 1819) (Nematoda: Physalopteroidea) in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana)

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1265-1274 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Gray ◽  
R. C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Procyon Lotor ◽  
Prepatent Period ◽  
Felis Catus ◽  
Didelphis Virginiana ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Marmota Monax ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
The Third

Opossums given infective larvae of Turgida turgida were examined at various times after infection. Fifteen days after inoculation 13% of larvae recovered were undergoing the third moult. Thirty-five days after infection 20% of larvae found were moulting to the adult stage. The prepatent period was 89–105 days and the life span of worms was at least 360 days. The percentage of the inoculum recovered decreased with time. Also, development was asynchronous; i.e., third-, fourth-, and fifth-stage worms were found in individual opossums examined 40 and 160 days after infection. Second- and moulting second-stage larvae were not infective to opossums. Infections were successfully challenged. Attempts to infect cats (Felis catus), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and woodchucks (Marmota monax) were unsuccessful.

STUDIES ON STRONGYLOIDES OF PRIMATES: IV. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE FREE-LIVING STAGES OF STRONGYLOIDES FULLEBORNI

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Premvati
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Complete Development

The optimum temperature for the complete development of the free-living and the infective larvae of Strongyloides fülleborni is 25 °C. Morphological changes are seen at higher or lower temperatures.

scholarly journals MITOCHONDRIAL BIOGENESIS DURING DIFFERENTIATION OF ARTEMIA SALINA CYSTS

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schmitt ◽  
H. Grossfeld ◽  
U. Z. Littauer
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Cytochrome B ◽  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Mitochondrial Morphology ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages

Mitochondria isolated from cysts of Artemia salina (brine shrimp) were found to be devoid of cristae and to possess a low respiratory capability. Hydration of the cysts induces marked biochemical and morphological changes in the mitochondria. Their biogenesis proceeds in two stages. The first stage is completed within 1 h and is characterized by a rapid increase in the respiratory capability of the mitochondria, their cytochrome oxidase, cytochrome b, cytochrome c and perhaps some morphological changes. In the second stage there is an increase in the protein-synthesizing capacity of the mitochondria as well as striking changes in mitochondrial morphology leading to the formation of cristae.

scholarly journals Contributions to the biology of the mackerel, Scomber scombrus L. III. Age and growth

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Steven
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Massachusetts Bay ◽  
Scomber Scombrus ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Common ◽  
Young Of The Year

The first serious attempt to determine the age and growth rate of the common mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.) appears to have been made by Captain Atwood in 1856 (quoted by Brown Goode, 1884, p. 116) in the Massachusetts Bay area of northern North America. Small fish caught by Atwood in October of that year measuring 6½–7 in. in length (16.5–17.5 cm.) he believed to be the young of the year (i.e. they belonged to the O-group). Mackerel belonging to this group he calls ‘spikes’. ‘Blinks', ‘tinkers’ and ‘second size’ fish he assigns to the I-, II- and III-year age groups respectively, but unfortunately gives no data as to the sizes of those categories, merely stating that everyone well acquainted with mackerel makes the same groupings ‘as there seems to be a line of demarkation between the different kinds which stands out prominently’. Sixteen years later, on 27 July 1872, Malm (1877, p. 409) observed large numbers of small mackerel close inshore in the Gullmarfjord near Christineberg. Several tons of those mackerel were enclosed in a seine, but only ten specimens were retained as all the others escaped through the meshes. These ten fish ranged in length from 67 to 100 mm. and Malm surmised their age to be 13 months. Collett (1880, p. 18) stated that on the coast of Norway I-year-old mackerel are ‘fingerlang’. To fish of 20 cm., taken at the end of August, he ascribed (without supporting data) an age of 2 years, with sexual maturity supervening at 3 years at an unspecified length.

In vitro trapping capability of Arthrobotrys spp. on infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Nacobbus aberrans

1994 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mendoza-de Gives ◽  
E. Zavaleta-Mejia ◽  
D. Herrera-Rodriguez ◽  
H. Quiróz-Romero
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Arthrobotrys Oligospora ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Nacobbus Aberrans

AbstractThe trapping capability of Arthrobotrys oligospora and A. conoides (Hyphomycetales) against third stage larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus (Trichostrongylidae) was evaluated in an in vitro trial. Arthrobotrys oligospora showed a 35.87% and 25.71% trapping effectiveness against H. contortus infective larvae at 18 and 25°C, respectively; whereas the trapping capability of A. conoides was 92.17% and 90.40% at the same temperatures, respectively. Microscopic examination demonstrated that A. conoides spontaneously developed a large quantity of three-dimensional loops before the nematodes were added. Neither of the two species studied developed three-dimensional adhesive loops at 30°C, consequently no trapped nematode was observed. In a second trial, the trapping capability of A. conoides against H. contortus (L3) and second stage larvae (J2) of Nacobbus aberrans (Pratylenchidae), was evaluated at 25°C. The trapping capability shown by A. conoides was higher than 90% for both kinds of nematode. The possible use of A. conoides to control ovine haemonchosis is discussed.

The Study of GPIb-VWF Mediated Early-Stage Platelet Activation Triggering On a Single Cell

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 1069-1069
Author(s):  
Lining Ju ◽  
Cheng Zhu ◽  
Miguel A. Cruz ◽  
Yunfeng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Activation ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Morphological Transformation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Biomembrane Force Probe ◽  
Interaction Kinetics ◽  
High Level ◽  
A1 Domain

Abstract Abstract 1069 Binding of GPIbα to VWF tethers platelets to disrupted vascular surface during the haemostatic process. The GPIbα –VWF interaction can also trigger outside-in signaling cascade, resulting in platelet activation, characterized by morphological transformation from discoid to a more spiky shape as well as activation of integrin α IIbβ3. Using the adhesion frequency assay with a biomembrane force probe (BFP), we studied signal initiation by repeated brief contacts of a single platelet with a glass bead coated with VWF-A1 domain and/or fibronectin III 7–10 domain (FNIII7–10) in a precisely controlled fashion (Fig. A). Contacting platelets with beads coated VWF-A1 only resulted in adhesion kinetics mediated by GPIbα –VWF interaction kinetics independent of the activation stage of the platelet. Contacting platelets with beads coated FNIII7–10 only resulted in adhesion kinetics that correlated with the activation stage of the platelet. Discoid-shaped platelets yielded low level adhesions mediated by FN interaction with inactive α IIbβ3 (Fig. B, blue). By comparison, spiky-shaped platelets produced high level adhesions mediated by FN interaction with activated α IIbβ3 (Fig. B, red)that was four times stronger than the interaction with inactive α IIbβ3. Contacting platelets with beads coated both VWF-A1 and FNIII7–10 resulted in two-stage adhesion kinetics. The first stage was mediated by GPIbα –VWF binding, which triggered a second stage consisting of an increase in adhesion after a sub-second delay. The second-stage binding coincided with morphological changes characteristic of platelet activation and matched that mediated by FN interaction with activated α IIbβ3. On the other hand, the concurrent calcium imaging showed as the platelet target was brought to the A1 bead in a repeating manner, the recorded calcium fluorescence intensity climbed up as the repeated touches continue (Fig. C). The peak temporally correlates with the morphological change. Our data indicates that binding of VWF-A1 to platelet GPIbα initiates outside-in signaling, leading to rapid irreversible platelet shape changes and calcium mobilization within a few seconds. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Onchocerciasis in British cattle: a study of the transmission ofOnchocercasp. in North Wales

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. McCall ◽  
A. J. Trees
Keyword(s):  
Parasite Development ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Vector Abundance ◽  
North Wales ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Culicoides Nubeculosus ◽  
Preferential Feeding

AbstractThe transmission of bovineOnchocercaspp. in Britain was investigated by studying the Ceratopogonidae and Simuliidae which attacked bait cattle between April and October at two sites in North Wales, where eitherOnchocerca lienalisandO. gutturosa(Cynwyd), orO. lienalisalone (Pentrefoelas) occurred. Based on the relative abundance of each species, their seasonal variation in abundance and preferential feeding sites on cattle, the presence ofOnchocercasp. infective larvae and the development of patent infections in bait cattle, vectors were identified asSimulium ornatums.1. at Pentrefoelas andS. reptansat Cynwyd (0·5% and 1·5% of parous flies infective, respectively). There was no significant difference between the lengths of the infective larvae from vectors at either site (Pentrefoelas: mean = 543·5 μm, SD = 29·45; Cynwyd: mean = 550·86 μm, SD = 35·26; p > 0·1), which were consistent with descriptions ofO. lienalis. The identity of a vector forO. gutturosawas not determined and the role of certain candidates is discussed. In this respect, the absence ofCulicoides nubeculosuswas notable. Transmission ofOnchocercasp. was limited to a short period of about 8 weeks, by a combination of vector abundance and parasite uptake from dermal skin layers, and a mean daily temperature requirement of 15°C or more for complete parasite development in the vector. The effect of this temperature restriction in relation to the geographical distribution of the two species is discussed.

Mechanism of skin penetration byAncylostoma tubaeformelarvae

Parasitology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard E. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Skin Penetration ◽  
Larval Migration ◽  
Necator Americanus ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Dermal Tissue ◽  
Epidermal Surface ◽  
Positive Results

Skin penetration by infectiveAncylostoma tubaeformelarvae has been investigated cinematographically and usingin vitrotechniques. The dermal tissue appears to cause little hindrance to larval migration but complete penetration through the skin from the dermal direction did not occur, although total penetration from the epidermal surface was frequently accomplished. No evidence could be found for enzymic secretions emanating from the worms under conditions that gave positive results fromNecator americanusandStrongyloides fülleborniinfective larvae. The results indicated thatA. tubaeformewas able to penetrate without the use of enzymic secretions and an alternative, mechanical mechanism for penetration is advanced.

Cytochemical and ultrastructural differences between intraspecific compatible and incompatible pollinations in Raphanus

1973 ◽  
Vol 183 (1070) ◽  
pp. 21-38 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Incompatible Pollen ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Incompatibility System ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Two Stages

Examination of the behaviour of pollen on the style of Raphanus , following compatible and incompatible intraspecific pollinations, has revealed the self-incompatibility system in this species to be composed of at least three stages. The first, on which no information has been obtained in this study, involves the germination of the grain. The second stage concerns the ability of the pollen tube to penetrate the cuticle of the stigmatic papilla. It is possible that cutinase is deficient in incompatible pollen tubes but, in most instances, the outer layers of the stigmatic wall are penetrated. The third stage involves the interaction of substances secreted by the pollen tube with products of the stigmatic cytoplasm. The interaction is swiftly followed by the deposition, in the stigma, of a layered callosic body. This is formed immediately under the point of penetration and takes about 6 h to develop fully. Development of the pollen tube ceases as the first layers of callose are laid down. It is possible that the substances in the pollen responsible for the initiation of the second two stages are held in the tapetally synthesized tryphine, thus accounting for the sporophytic control of pollen compatibility in this species. The mature stigma contains large numbers of crystalline protein bodies, but it is not known whether they play any role in the self-incompatibility system.

scholarly journals Antagonistic potential and histopathology of Meloidogyne javanica on Macrotyloma axillare cv. Java

2020 ◽  
pp. 940-946
Author(s):  
Angélica Miamoto ◽  
Andressa Cristina Zamboni Machado ◽  
Orazília França Dorigo ◽  
Thaísa Muriel Mioranza ◽  
Heriksen Higashi Puerari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Obligate Parasites ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Antagonistic Potential ◽  
Antagonistic Plants ◽  
Reproduction Factor ◽  
Nematode Development

Root-knot nematodes are obligate parasites, so changes at their feeding sites can limit their development. Alterations to feeding sites is one of the main actions taken by antagonistic plants. The aim of this study was to assess the response and histopathology of interactions between Meloidogyne javanica and the roots of Macrotyloma axillare cv. Java. The penetration and development of the nematode was assessed from 8 to 30 days after inoculation (DAI) with 3000 eggs + second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica. The reproduction factor (RF) was assessed at 60 DAI, with two inoculation levels, 700 and 1000 eggs + J2, and the changes in the development and histopathology of M. javanica was assessed at 10, 15 and 30 DAI. Suscetible soybean was used as a control. The development of nematodes at the third (J3) and fourth juvenile (J4) stages was delay, despite the presence of J2 inside the roots, and no adult females were found in the M. axillare cv. Java roots. RF was 0.31 and 0.39 for M. axillare cv. Java and 3.40 and 4.52 for soybean at inoculation levels of 700 and 1000 eggs + J2, respectively. The feed cells in M. axillare cv. Java could not effectively nourish the nematode, which led to deformed females 30 DAI. The feed cells and nematode development, however, were normal in soybean. M. axillare cv. Java was resistant to M. javanica and had an antagonistic potential, because it did not prevent the nematode from penetrating the roots but had a negative effect on M. javanica due to the inefficiency of the feeding site.

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