The postembryonic development of the indirect flight muscles in Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1377-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. E. Scudder ◽  
R. J. Hewson
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscope ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Oncopeltus Fasciatus ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Flight Muscles

The postembryonic development of the indirect flight musculature is described from light microscope observations. In the mesothorax, a pronounced metamorphosis of the indirect flight muscles is reported. The initial dorsolongitudinal muscle fibers of the first instar disappear in the early second instar. In the late second instar, an aggregation of myoblasts is found, and this in subsequent instars, enlarges and gives the muscle of the adult. In the metathorax, the dorsolongitudinal muscle grows by enlargement and fiber cleavage, while in the prothorax the fibers in the comparable muscle simply enlarge, but do not cleave. The developmental events in Oncopeltus fasciatus are compared with similar ontogenetic situations in other animals. Muscle histolysis in the mature adult of O. fasciatus was not observed.

The postembryonic development of the indirect flight muscles in Cenocorixa bifida (Hung.) (Hemiptera: Corixidae)

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1387-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. E. Scudder
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Oncopeltus Fasciatus ◽  
Developmental Systems ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Muscle Structure ◽  
Adult Muscle ◽  
Developmental Arrest ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Flight Muscles

The postembryonic development of the mesothoracic indirect flight muscles of Cenocorixa bifida is described and compared with the corresponding development in a terrestrial hemipteran, Oncopeltus fasciatus. The early development in the first four larval instars in the two insects is very similar, since the dorsolongitudinal muscles of the first instar disappear, and are replaced in later instars by new muscles that function in the adult.C. bifida emerges as an adult with the indirect flight muscles in a juvenile condition, this being the result of a developmental arrest that takes place within a few hours of the adult molt. The non-flying form of this corixid is shown to have muscles with juvenile characteristics, and it is concluded that this form represents a permanent retention of the teneral adult muscle condition. The muscle structure of the non-flying morph is not the result of degeneration of the indirect flight musculature in the adult.By comparison with other developmental systems, it is suggested that the developmental arrest in C. bifida results from a lack of mRNA. It is suggested that the arrest is hormone regulated.The non-flying morph of C. bifida is compared with the non-flying forms of other aquatic Heteroptera, and reference is made to the tracheoparenchymatous organ that has been described in these species.

scholarly journals The Hippo pathway controls myofibril assembly and muscle fiber growth by regulating sarcomeric gene expression

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aynur Kaya-Çopur ◽  
Fabio Marchiano ◽  
Marco Y Hein ◽  
Daniel Alpern ◽  
Julie Russeil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Hippo Pathway ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Fiber Growth ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Sarcomeric Gene ◽  
The Hippo Pathway

Skeletal muscles are composed of gigantic cells called muscle fibers, packed with force-producing myofibrils. During development the size of individual muscle fibers must dramatically enlarge to match with skeletal growth. How muscle growth is coordinated with growth of the contractile apparatus is not understood. Here, we use the large Drosophila flight muscles to mechanistically decipher how muscle fiber growth is controlled. We find that regulated activity of core members of the Hippo pathway is required to support flight muscle growth. Interestingly, we identify Dlg5 and Slmap as regulators of the STRIPAK phosphatase, which negatively regulates Hippo to enable post-mitotic muscle growth. Mechanistically, we show that the Hippo pathway controls timing and levels of sarcomeric gene expression during development and thus regulates the key components that physically mediate muscle growth. Since Dlg5, STRIPAK and the Hippo pathway are conserved a similar mechanism may contribute to muscle or cardiomyocyte growth in humans.

scholarly journals Respiration in the Desert Locust

1960 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Desert Locust ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
First Instar ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Peripheral Action ◽  
Negative Induction

1. During normal flight of the desert locust, auxiliary ventilating mechanisms do not appear, and dorso-ventral abdominal pumping continues at increased frequency and amplitude. When flight stops hyperventilation together with auxiliary forms appear briefly. Removal of the abdomen has shown that pterothoracic and neck ventilation are adequate for sustained flight. 2. Spiracles 2 and 3 open wide during flight: when flight is weaker they make incipient closing movements. A central inhibitory reflex controls their activity, in addition to the peripheral action of carbon dioxide on spiracle 2. The incipient closing movements are shown not to have a functional significance; they are probably the expression of two competing mechanisms, and may arise by negative induction. 3. Spiracles 1 and 4-10 remain synchronized with ventilation, and thereby permit adequate ventilation of the central nervous system. 4. The isolation of the pterothoracic tracheal system is enhanced by the occlusion of two pairs of cross-links. The occlusion of a further three pairs in the prothorax and head ensures that the head has priority on the inspired air. 5. The occlusion of all the cross-links takes place after the first instar, at which time spiracle synchronization first regularly appears and a directed airstream becomes possible. 6. In flight there are two largely independent ventilating systems. The first, a two-way system, ventilates the flight muscles through the open spiracles 2 and 3 and is pumped by the flight movements. The second, a one-way system, ventilates primarily the central nervous system and is pumped by the abdomen, in through the dorsal orifice of spiracle 1, and out through spiracles 5-10.

Morphogenetic analysis of the effects of juvenile hormone analogues and other morphogenetically active substances on embryos of Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål)

Development ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Vladimír J. A. Novák
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Oncopeltus Fasciatus ◽  
Pyrrhocoris Apterus ◽  
First Case ◽  
Juvenile Hormone Analogues

One of the basic assumptions of the author's gradient-factor theory of insect morphogenesis is that the effects of the hypothetical gradient-factor on tissue growth can be reproduced by the juvenile hormone, not only during postembryonic development, but also in the course of embryogenesis (Novák, 1951 a, b, 1956, 1966). This concept was originally based on the more or less indirect evidence supplied by the findings of Pflugfelder (1947) in Dixippus morosus and by those of Novák (1951 b) in Oncopeltus fasciatus. Recently, however, direct evidence has been made available by the work of Sláma & Williams (1966) on Pyrrhocoris apterus and of Riddiford (1966) on Hyalophora cecropia. Using the ‘paper factor’ in the first case and cecropia oil in the second, the above authors succeeded in demonstrating that these substances were able to block embryogenesis when applied to the egg surface or to the female before egg-laying commenced.

Patterning the dorsal longitudinal flight muscles (DLM) of Drosophila: insights from the ablation of larval scaffolds

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (12) ◽  
pp. 3755-3763 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Fernandes ◽  
H. Keshishian
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Myoblast Fusion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Correct Number ◽  
Larval Muscle ◽  
Actin Isoform ◽  
Flight Muscles

The six Dorsal Longitudinal flight Muscles (DLMs) of Drosophila develop from three larval muscles that persist into metamorphosis and serve as scaffolds for the formation of the adult fibers. We have examined the effect of muscle scaffold ablation on the development of DLMs during metamorphosis. Using markers that are specific to muscle and myoblasts we show that in response to the ablation, myoblasts which would normally fuse with the larval muscle, fuse with each other instead, to generate the adult fibers in the appropriate regions of the thorax. The development of these de novo DLMs is delayed and is reflected in the delayed expression of erect wing, a transcription factor thought to control differentiation events associated with myoblast fusion. The newly arising muscles express the appropriate adult-specific Actin isoform (88F), indicating that they have the correct muscle identity. However, there are frequent errors in the number of muscle fibers generated. Ablation of the larval scaffolds for the DLMs has revealed an underlying potential of the DLM myoblasts to initiate de novo myogenesis in a manner that resembles the mode of formation of the Dorso-Ventral Muscles, DVMs, which are the other group of indirect flight muscles. Therefore, it appears that the use of larval scaffolds is a superimposition on a commonly used mechanism of myogenesis in Drosophila. Our results show that the role of the persistent larval muscles in muscle patterning involves the partitioning of DLM myoblasts, and in doing so, they regulate formation of the correct number of DLM fibers.

The first larval description in the genus Diaphorocera Heyden (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Cerocomini): D. chrysoprasis Fairmaire

Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1295 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
FEDERICA TURCO ◽  
ANDREA DI GIULIO ◽  
MARCO A. BOLOGNA
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscope ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
First Instar ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

The first instar larva of Diaphorocera chrysoprasis Fairmaire, 1863, a Western Saharan species, is described and figured for the first time. Adults of D. chrysoprasis were collected in Tunisia and larvae were reared ex ovo under laboratory conditions. Both egg and triungulin are described and illustrated by SEM and light microscope. The triungulin shows a campodeiform morphology, typical of non phoretic Meloinae. From the comparison between the first instar larvae of Cerocoma, the single other genus of the tribe Cerocomini whose larvae were known, and Diaphorocera, some distinctive characters are recognised. The phylogenetic placement of the tribe Cerocomini within the family is discussed.

scholarly journals The effect of parasitism on clover root weevil flight capability

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
T.M. Eden ◽  
M. Donald ◽  
P.J. Gerard
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Passive Dispersal ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Sitona Lepidus ◽  
Clover Root ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Microctonus Aethiopoides

The Irish strain of Microctonus aethiopoides was released in New Zealand in 2006 to help suppress populations of the clover pest clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) A study was undertaken to determine if this parasitoid will be passively dispersed through flight activity by parasitized hosts In the laboratory Irish M aethiopoides parasitized equally hosts with or without flight muscles and subsequent presence of parasitoid eggs or first instar larvae had no effect on the propensity for S lepidus to prepare to take flight during laboratory observations In the field significantly fewer clover root weevil with flight muscles were found to be parasitized compared to those without flight muscles and those that were parasitized contained predominantly eggs and first instar larvae The results were compared with other Microctonus biocontrol agents released in New Zealand and it was concluded that passive dispersal should play a major role in dispersing Irish M aethiopoides in New Zealand especially in warm dry summers

Features of skeletal muscle structure in Smena-8 and Andalusian Blue chickens in separate periods of postembryonic ontogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
G. V. Kondratov ◽  
◽  
V. V. Stepanishin ◽  
S. G. Kumirov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pectoral Muscle ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Quadriceps Femoris ◽  
Connective Tissue Component ◽  
Meat Productivity

Histological and morphological characteristics of skeletal muscles in chickens of the meat direction of productivity Smena-8 and egg direction of productivity Andalusian blue on the 20th and 29th days of postembryonic development are presented. The skeletal striated muscle tissue of the studied bird obeys the general principles of myogenesis inherent in most animal species and is characterized by signs of a definitive structure. It is shown that on the 20th and 29th days of postembryonic ontogenesis in the Smena-8 cross and the Andalusian blue breed, the quadriceps femoris is ahead of the superficial pectoral muscle in terms of the thickness of muscle fibers. The thickness of the endomysium and perimysium in the connective tissue component of the superficial pectoral muscle in chickens of both directions of productivity prevails over that in the quadriceps femoris. Based on the obtained morphometric parameters of the structure of muscle fibers, the concept of myogenesis of skeletal muscles in agricultural poultry of egg and meat productivity directions is presented.

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