Effect of sodium pentobarbital on the temperature selection response of guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 949-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Ogilvie ◽  
J. N. Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Control Value

When guppies which had been exposed for 10 min to a 300 mg/1 dose of sodium pentobarbital were placed in a temperature gradient, their average selected temperature was observed to be about 6 °C lower than that for untreated control fish. Although the selected temperature gradually increased with time, it was still about 2 °C lower than the control value of 29 °C 4 h after exposure to the drug.

THE EFFECT OF AGE ON TEMPERATURE SELECTION BY LABORATORY MICE (MUS MUSCULUS)

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Ogilvie ◽  
R. H. Stinson
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Horizontal Temperature Gradient ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Adult Level ◽  
Level Of Selection ◽  
High Level ◽  
Effect Of Age

Adult animals have been used for most of the previous mammalian temperature selection studies, and relatively few systematic observations have been made with young animals. In this investigation, laboratory mice (Mus musculus), ranging in age from 1 to 84 days, were studied in a horizontal temperature gradient established along a 5-ft copper bar. Despite poorly developed locomotion and cold immobilization, it was shown that the temperature selection response is present at birth. The initially high level of selection appeared to be maintained for about 2 weeks, after which it began to decrease, rapidly at first, and then more slowly until the adult level was reached.

Effects of M.S. 222 Anesthetization on Temperature Selection in Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. I. Goddard ◽  
J. W. Lilley ◽  
J. S. Tait
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Vertical Temperature Gradient ◽  
Vertical Temperature ◽  
Temperature Selection

Yearling lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were anesthetized with a 150 ppm solution of M.S. 222 for 2 min at 10 C. When tested in a vertical temperature gradient, their behavior was abnormal for 5 days following anesthetization. Initially, they remained at the bottom of the gradient tank, as much as 63% of the time, and when they did swim up into the gradient, their temperature selection was much less precise than that of control fish. The percentage of fish on the bottom declined daily, and on the 6th day their temperature distribution did not differ from that of controls.

Reduction in oocyte production and gonadotrope activity, and plasma levels of estrogens and vitellogenin, in brook trout exposed to low environmental pH

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2468-2476 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Tam ◽  
J. N. Fryer ◽  
B. Valentine ◽  
R. J. J. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Acid Stress ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Acid Exposure ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Cortisol Secretion ◽  
Control Value ◽  
The Mean

Maturing brook trout were exposed to pH 4.5 at the beginning of the rapid oocyte development phase in mid-June. The number of atretic follicles containing vitellogenic oocytes in acid-treated trout gradually increased with time, to exceed that of control fish on day 30, reaching a maximum (22–24% of all vitellogenic oocytes) between days 45 and 60 of acid exposure, before declining on day 73. Follicular atresia reduced the number of healthy vitellogenic oocytes in the acid-stressed fish to 59% of controls by day 60. Plasma vitellogenin and estrogen levels were not consistently affected by acid exposure. During the first 45 days of acid exposure, the mean weight of the healthy vitellogenic oocytes and the plasma levels of estrogen in the acid-exposed fish were at times significantly higher than those of control trout, but after day 45 these differences were no longer observed. Ultrastructural morphometry showed that secretory activity of the gonadotropes in the female acid-stressed brook trout was suppressed. Throughout the experimental period, the acid-exposed trout showed various symptoms characteristic of acid stress, such as elevated ACTH and cortisol secretion, hyperglycemia, acidosis, and hyponatremia. Food intake was reduced to 14% of the control value. These results suggest that the disruptive physiological changes and (or) reduced nutritional status associated with acid stress are responsible for the reduction in activity of the gonadotropes and oocyte atresia.

RENAL CLEARANCE OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN HYPOTHERMIA

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Kanter
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Respiration ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Clearance Ratio ◽  
Control Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The handling of sodium and potassium by the renal tubules at various levels of hypothermia was studied. Fourteen dogs were anesthetized with 30 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. After suitable control clearance measurements, the rectal temperature was lowered progressively by ice-packing to about 25 °C while renal clearances were continuously measured. Artificial respiration was not used. No change in plasma sodium was detected but plasma potassium fell significantly from a control value of 4.1 ± 0.09 meq/1. at 38 °C to 3.4 ± 0.12 meq/1. at 25 °C. Urine sodium concentration fell during exposure to cold while potassium concentration increased slightly. In spite of the marked fall in glomerular nitration rate (69.0 ± 3.1 ml/minute control to 17.0 ± 3.6 ml/minute at 25 °C) the final urine flow at 25 °C was slightly greater than that of control. The clearance ratios (in percentage) increased significantly, reflecting the marked decrease in tubular reabsorption: water, 0.49 ± 0.05 at 38 °C to 2.02 ± 0.25 at 25 °C; sodium, 0.47 ± 0.12 to 1.13 ± 0.27; potassium, 18.0 ± 2.6 to 54.0 ± 12.0. The difference in clearance ratio alterations is a reflection of the dissimilar effect of hypothermia on particular renal regulations.

Roles of Olfaction and Vision in Choice of Spawning Site by Homing Adult Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 867-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan B. Groves ◽  
Gerald B. Collins ◽  
Parker S. Trefethen
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Male Fish ◽  
Fish Hatchery ◽  
Spawning Site

An experiment was conducted to examine the roles of olfaction and vision in directing the choice of spawning site by homing adult chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) on the lower Columbia River. Male fish that voluntarily entered the Spring Creek National Fish Hatchery were treated to occlude their olfactory or visual senses or both. Treated and untreated (control) fish were released upstream and downstream in the river, more than 19 km from the hatchery. Effects were assessed by analyzing returns to the hatchery and to other points.Of 866 fish released, 348 or 40% were recovered; about half of them, or 176 returned to Spring Creek. Three per cent of the olfactory occluded, 23% of the visually occluded, and 46% of the control fish returned to Spring Creek. Of the fish recovered elsewhere, 77% were recovered at hatcheries and spawn-taking sites along the lower Columbia; 23% were recovered from sources unrelated to spawn taking.Olfaction appeared to be the key sense that directed the return of these fish to Spring Creek; vision was held to be less important. Olfactory occlusion also reduced the recoveries at other spawn-taking sites, where blinded fish were recovered in appreciable numbers. Recovery of the control fish, especially the smaller ones, at other spawn-taking sites was associated with advancing sexual maturity.

Cardiovascular response to oxygen inhalation in the anesthetized cat

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 858-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Bevan ◽  
M. Anthony Verity
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Hypotensive Effect ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Oxygen Inhalation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bilateral Vagotomy ◽  
Anesthetized Cat

An analysis of the cardiovascular response to short periods of inhalation of O2 is presented. In cats anesthetized with chloralose, an immediate acute fall in arterial pressure, accompanied by a varying degree of bradycardia was followed by an equilibrium state lower than the control value. Following bilateral vagotomy the initial hypotension was still present but the arterial pressure during the second phase returned to the preoxygen value. With inactivation of the caroticoaortic chemoreceptor regions, no hypotensive effect was seen, but a small, slowly developing hypertension was observed, originating peripherally. A similar, but significantly smaller hypotensive effect was seen in cats under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. No significant difference in the arterial O2 saturation between animals anesthetized with chloralose and pentobarbital was noted, but in both groups the largest fall in arterial pressure occurred with the greater degree of anoxia. Experiments in which an increased degree of anoxemia was induced demonstrated the significantly different reactivity of the chemoreflex system under the anesthetics studied and suggests the presence of a central selective depression of the tonic anoxic chemoreceptor drive with barbiturate anesthesia. Submitted on February 27, 1961

The temperature selection of small hypophysectomized goldfish (Carassius auratus L.)

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Roy ◽  
P. H. Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Horizontal Temperature Gradient ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Selection Of

The selected temperature ranges of unoperated, sham-operated, and hypophysectomized goldfish were determined in a horizontal temperature gradient. Hypophysectomy did not alter the selected temperature of small goldfish.

Female pheromone and the behaviour of male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in a temperature gradient

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1211-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Horizontal Temperature Gradient ◽  
Temperature Preference ◽  
Female Pheromone ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

When the two sexes of the guppy are tested separately in a horizontal temperature gradient apparatus, males show a significantly lower temperature preference (23.5 °C) than females (27.4 °C). However, when the two sexes are tested together, males select the same location as the females. Infusion of female holding water, which contains sex pheromone, results in the attraction of males to the site of infusion, as does the infusion of a water mixture of estradiol-17β, but not estrone, estriol, or testosterone. Temporarily plugging the nares, thereby blocking olfaction, prevents the males from responding to the chemical cues.

Effects of sexual maturation and sex steroid hormone treatment on the temperature preference of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Peters)

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Johansen ◽  
Jennifer A. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Sex Steroid ◽  
Horizontal Temperature Gradient ◽  
Temperature Preference ◽  
Preferred Temperature ◽  
Sex Steroid Hormone ◽  
Lower Temperature

In a horizontal temperature gradient, male guppies prefer a significantly lower temperature (24.5 °C) than females (28.2 °C) or juveniles (28.1 °C). Treatment of juveniles and females with testosterone lowers their preferred temperature to that of males. The reduction in the preferred temperature of testosterone-treated juveniles can occur without the development of male secondary sexual characters. Estrogen treatment of juveniles is without effect, as is treatment of males with estrogen or testosterone. It is postulated that testosterone acts at the level of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centre.

Thermoregulatory behavior and temperature gradient perception in a juvenile fish (Poecilia reticulata)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1389-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Eugene Williams ◽  
Ralph W. Brauer
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Thermoregulatory Behavior ◽  
Directional Information ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Local Gradient

The thermoregulatory behavior of guppies in a temperature gradient was studied under conditions offering one degree of locomotor freedom, in which displacement of the fish was coupled to a change of occupied temperature, and two degrees of locomotor freedom, in which the added dimension allowed for thermally neutral movement, thus uncoupling any obligatory link between displacement and temperature change. More animals failed to thermoregulate in the second than in the first geometrical system (32% vs. 7%); however, the means of the temperature preferenda (Tp) were the same in both gradient configurations and the frequency distributions along the temperature axis were indistinguishable. In both geometrical systems, mean swimming speed along the temperature axis showed well-defined minima coinciding with the Tp. It was shown that the mean components of movement with respect to the thermal and thermally neutral axes both showed minima at Tp. Further analyses of the actual behavior confirm that in the vicinity of Tp the movements of the fish show little dependence on direction. The analyses thus suggest that thermoregulatory movements are not adjusted in response to movement-generated directional information derived from the temperature gradient. The primary determinant of thermoregulatory behavior in fish may require a more complex awareness of the thermal arrangement of the environment than can be furnished by the instantaneous perception of the local gradient structure.

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