Blackfly wing surface

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-549
Author(s):  
C. L. Hannay ◽  
E. F. Bond
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Air Interface ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Hexagonal Arrays

The wings from both sexes of seven species of Simuliidae were measured then the surface replicated in carbon. It was confirmed that the wings were covered with small raised cylindrical buttons in hexagonal arrays. The dimensions of these buttons were about 80–100 nm in height and diameter and the center to center spacing in the different species only varied between 150 and 180 nm. It was calculated that the raised buttons increased the wing surface area by over 80%. In addition the wings are covered with microtrichia. Preliminary measurements indicate that microtrichia length may be of greater value taxonomically than either wing size or button spacing.In ultrathin sections it has been found that from each and every raised button on the wing surface a wax filament extends through the cuticle. The number of buttons and wax filaments on both surfaces of one wing of S. vittatum amounted to ca. 3.28 × 108.When the adult fly emerges from its underwater pupal case it does so with a lifebelt of gas between head and thorax. The wings and their surfaces play no part in this episode for they remain tightly folded against the body until the fly has passed through the water–air interface.

scholarly journals Upstroke wing flexion and the inertial cost of bat flight

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1740) ◽  
pp. 2945-2950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel K. Riskin ◽  
Attila Bergou ◽  
Kenneth S. Breuer ◽  
Sharon M. Swartz
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Flapping Flight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Energetic Costs ◽  
Wing Kinematics ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Inertial Energy

Flying vertebrates change the shapes of their wings during the upstroke, thereby decreasing wing surface area and bringing the wings closer to the body than during downstroke. These, and other wing deformations, might reduce the inertial cost of the upstroke compared with what it would be if the wings remained fully extended. However, wing deformations themselves entail energetic costs that could exceed any inertial energy savings. Using a model that incorporates detailed three-dimensional wing kinematics, we estimated the inertial cost of flapping flight for six bat species spanning a 40-fold range of body masses. We estimate that folding and unfolding comprises roughly 44 per cent of the inertial cost, but that the total inertial cost is only approximately 65 per cent of what it would be if the wing remained extended and rigid throughout the wingbeat cycle. Folding and unfolding occurred mostly during the upstroke; hence, our model suggests inertial cost of the upstroke is not less than that of downstroke. The cost of accelerating the metacarpals and phalanges accounted for around 44 per cent of inertial costs, although those elements constitute only 12 per cent of wing weight. This highlights the energetic benefit afforded to bats by the decreased mineralization of the distal wing bones.

The use of Body Surface Index as a Better Clinical Health indicators Compare to Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area for Clinical Application

2018 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Shirazu I. ◽  
Theophilus. A. Sackey ◽  
Elvis K. Tiburu ◽  
Mensah Y. B. ◽  
Forson A.
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Body

The relationship between body height and body weight has been described by using various terms. Notable among them is the body mass index, body surface area, body shape index and body surface index. In clinical setting the first descriptive parameter is the BMI scale, which provides information about whether an individual body weight is proportionate to the body height. Since the development of BMI, two other body parameters have been developed in an attempt to determine the relationship between body height and weight. These are the body surface area (BSA) and body surface index (BSI). Generally, these body parameters are described as clinical health indicators that described how healthy an individual body response to the other internal organs. The aim of the study is to discuss the use of BSI as a better clinical health indicator for preclinical assessment of body-organ/tissue relationship. Hence organ health condition as against other body composition. In addition the study is `also to determine the best body parameter the best predict other parameters for clinical application. The model parameters are presented as; modeled height and weight; modelled BSI and BSA, BSI and BMI and modeled BSA and BMI. The models are presented as clinical application software for comfortable working process and designed as GUI and CAD for use in clinical application.

Vibration suppression investigation and parametric design of tri-axle straight heavy truck with pitch-resistant hydraulically interconnected suspension

2021 ◽  
pp. 107754632110396
Author(s):  
Fei Ding ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
Chao Jiang ◽  
Haiping Du ◽  
Jiaxi Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Dynamic Load ◽  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Vibration Suppression ◽  
Parametric Design ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Loss Coefficient ◽  
The Body ◽  
Impedance Matrix ◽  
Pressure Loss Coefficient

The vibration suppression of the proposed pitch-resistant hydraulically interconnected suspension system for the tri-axle straight truck is investigated, and the vibration isolation performances are parametrically designed to achieve smaller body vibration and tire dynamic load using increased pitch stiffness and optimized pressure loss coefficient. For the hydraulic subsystem, the transfer impedance matrix method is applied to derive the impedance matrix. These hydraulic forces are incorporated into the motion equations of mechanical subsystem as external forces according to relationships between boundary flow and mechanical state vectors. In terms of the additional mode stiffness/damping and suspension performance requirements, the cylinder surface area, accumulator pressure, and damper valve’s pressure loss coefficient are comprehensively tuned with parametric design technique and modal analysis method. It is found the isolation capacity is heavily dependent on installation scheme and fluid physical parameters. Especially, the surface area can be designed for the oppositional installation to separately raise pitch stiffness without increasing bounce stiffness. The pressure loss coefficients are tuned with design of experiment approach and evaluated using all conflict indexes with normalized dimensionless evaluation factors. The obtained numerical results indicate that the proposed pitch-resistant hydraulically interconnected suspension system can significantly inhibit both the body and tire vibrations with decreased suspension deformation, and the tire dynamic load distribution among wheel stations is also improved.

Enhanced surface hydrophilicity of polylactic acid sutures treated by lipase and chitosan

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (16) ◽  
pp. 3291-3302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuqiang Liu ◽  
Mingfang Liu ◽  
Gaihong Wu ◽  
Xiaofang Zhang ◽  
Juanjuan Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Absorbable Sutures ◽  
Surgical Sutures ◽  
New Type ◽  
Enhanced Surface

Polylactic acid (PLA) surgical sutures are a new type of absorbable sutures that can be degraded and absorbed in the body. However, there is high hydrophobicity for the surface of PLA sutures, which leads to poor biocompatibility and cellular affinity. In order to increase the hydrophilicity, the PLA sutures were etched by lipase firstly, and then grafted with chitosan. The results indicate that the optimal conditions of treating PLA sutures by lipase were as follows: 45℃ reaction temperature, 4.5 g/L concentration of lipase and 8 h reaction time. The sutures were etched by lipase and then formed some grooves and a number of hydroxyl (-OH) bonds, which led to increased surface area and hydrophilicity, but a drop in mass and strength. The optimal conditions of grafting chitosan onto PLA sutures were as follows: 4 h reaction time and 3 g/L concentration of chitosan. The chitosan grafted and loaded on the surface of PLA sutures, and in some areas of the sutures the chitosan reunited, which led to a rough surface and large friction coefficient. Finally, the hydrophilicity of the PLA sutures, treated by lipase and then grafted with chitosan, was greatly improved.

scholarly journals BIOMETRIC STUDIES ON OLIGOMELIC INDIVIDUALS OF THE SPIDER TEGENARIA ATRICA (ARTHROPODA, ARACHNIDA) / BADANIA BIOMETRYCZNE OSOBNIKÓW OLIGOMELICZNYCH PAJĄKA TEGENARIA ATRICA (ARTHROPODA, ARACHNIDA)

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Julita Templin ◽  
Teresa Napiórkowska
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Carapace Length ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Anomaly ◽  
Germ Band ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
The Right

Abstract Oligomely is a type of developmental anomaly occurring in embryos of the spider Tegenaria atrica C.L. Koch under the teratogenic influence of temperature. This anomaly is of metameric origin, as it results from a disorder of metamere formation on the germ band during embryogenesis, resulting in the absence of one half or the whole metamere. In such a case, one or more appendages are missing on one or both sides of the body in a spider leaving a chorion. This anomaly induces changes both in the anatomical structure and exoskeleton of a spider (deformation of carapace and sternum). Carapace length and sternum area were measured, as well as the duration of the subsequent nymph stages of oligomelic individuals with one of the walking appendages missing (always on the right side of the body) was recorded. The consecutive nymph stages of oligomelic individuals lasted for a much shorter time compared with control specimens. This acceleration of development is probably to offset losses incurred during embryogenesis. In the early postembryogenesis, oligomelic specimens exhibited shorter carapace length and smaller surface area of the sternum compared to control individuals, which resulted from the lack of half of the metamere corresponding to the missing leg. However, in older nymph stages, a strong tendency for the faster growth of both carapace and sternum was observed, which can be defined as a compensatory growth increase making up for the losses caused by the anomaly.

scholarly journals Microvilli on the External Surfaces of Gastropod Tentacles and Body-Walls

1963 ◽  
Vol s3-104 (68) ◽  
pp. 495-504
Author(s):  
NANCY J. LANE
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Free Cell ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Lamellar Bodies ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Histochemical Tests

In Helix aspersa the ‘cuticle’ on the free surface of the external epithelial cells of the optic tentacles has been shown to consist of a layer of microvilli. Microvilli are also present in the same species on the free cell borders of the body-wall, and in the slug Arion hortensis, on the outer cell surfaces of the external epithelium. In all three cases the microvilli are arranged in a hexagonal pattern. There are indications that branching may possibly occur. The microvilli have granular cores with cross- and longitudinal-striations and there are fibrillar connexions between their tips. On the tentacular and body surfaces of H. aspersa, the microvilli increase the surface area 15 and 12 times, respectively. On A. hortensis the increase in surface area is only 4 times. In H. aspersa, beneath the microvilli on the tips of the optic tentacles there is a layer, about 3 to 4 µ deep, composed of vertical, horizontal, and tangential fibres. Some of these fibres are attached to lamellar bodies, which may have a lipid content. Granules are also found among the fibres. Further, a greater depth of cuticle is found to be present on the tips of the inferior tentacles of H. aspersa than on their sides; this seems to indicate that a fibrillar layer, similar to that on the optic tentacles, may lie beneath the cuticle of microvilli on the tips of the inferior tentacles. A thicker cuticle is also found on the tips of the optic tentacles in other stylommatophoran pulmonates. It has not been found possible to ascertain whether the fibrillar layer is intracellular or extracellular, although the evidence points to the latter. Histochemical tests indicate that mucopolysaccharide is present on the surface of the cuticle. Electron micrographs show a granular precipitate caught on and between the fibrillae connecting the tips of the microvilli. It is suggested that the function of the microvilli is to hold the mucous secretions on the body-surface, which would give protection to the animals.

scholarly journals Changing the relative size of the body parts of Drosophila by selection

1962 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Forbes W. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Thorax Length

1. Mass selection for both high- and low-ratio of wing to thorax length has been carried out on a population of Drosophila melanogaster. The response to selection was immediate and sustained. When the experiment was stopped after ten generations, the wing area in the two selected lines differed by about 30%. The heritability estimate worked out at 0·56 ± 0·08.2. Thorax length remained comparatively unchanged during selection nor was there any change in wing shape. There was some evidence of assymetry of response since there was a relatively greater change in favour of smaller rather than larger size.3. The tibia length of all pairs of legs showed correlated changes so that the lines with larger or smaller wing sizes had also larger and smaller legs.4. The normal allometric relation between wing and thorax length, associated with variation in body-size, apparently also changed, so that for a given change in thorax length there was a greater or smaller proportional change in wing size in the high- or low-ratio lines.5. The changes in relative wing size are due to changes in cell number.6. It is suggested that the genetic changes due to selection act in the early pupal period when the imaginal discs are undergoing differentiation and proliferation to form imaginal hypoderm and appendages.7. Tests of genetic behaviour failed to show any departure from additivity in crosses which involved the unselected population and the high-ratio line. But highly significant departures existed in the cross to the low-ratio line. Relatively smaller wing size behaves as largely recessive. Stability of the normal wing/thorax ratio involves dominance and probably also epistasis. The genetic properties of the relative size of the appendage are apparently similar to those which characterize body-size as a whole.8. It is suggested that selection provides a valuable tool for studying the constancy or lability of the growth patterns which determine morphology.

Correlation between the Minimal Cross-Sectional Area of the Nasal Cavity and Body Surface Area: Preliminary Results in Normal Patients

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Jurlina ◽  
Ranko Mladina ◽  
Krsto Dawidowsky ◽  
Davor Ivanković ◽  
Zeljko Bumber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

Nasal symptoms often are inconsistent with rhinoscopic findings. However, the proper diagnosis and treatment of nasal pathology requires an objective evaluation of the narrow segments of the anterior part of the nasal cavities (minimal cross-sectional area [MCSA]). The problem is that the value of MCSA is not a unique parameter for the entire population, but rather it is a distinctive value for particular subject (or smaller groups of subjects). Consequently, there is a need for MCSA values to be standardized in a simple way that facilitates the comparison of results and the selection of our treatment regimens. We examined a group of 157 healthy subjects with normal nasal function. A statistically significant correlation was found between the body surface area and MCSA at the level of the nasal isthmus and the head of the inferior turbinate. The age of subjects was not found a statistically significant predictor for the value of MCSA. The results show that the expected value of MCSA can be calculated for every subject based on anthropometric data of height and weight.

scholarly journals Particle Adhesion Measurements on Insect Wing Membranes Using Atomic Force Microscopy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory S. Watson ◽  
Bronwen W. Cribb ◽  
Jolanta A. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Force Microscopy ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Silica Spheres ◽  
Wing Membrane ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Plant Matter ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Eurema Hecabe

Many insects have evolved refined self-cleaning membrane structuring to contend with an environment that presents a range of potential contaminates. Contamination has the potential to reduce or interfere with the primary functioning of the wing membrane or affect other wing cuticle properties, (for example, antireflection). Insects will typically encounter a variety of air-borne contaminants which include plant matter and soil fragments. Insects with relatively long or large wings may be especially susceptible to fouling due to the high-wing surface area and reduced ability to clean their extremities. In this study we have investigated the adhesion of particles (pollens and hydrophilic silica spheres) to wing membranes of the super/hydrophobic cicada (Thopha sessiliba), butterfly (Eurema hecabe), and the hydrophilic wing of flower wasp (Scolia soror). The adhesional forces with both hydrophobic insects was significantly lower for all particle types than the hydrophilic insect species studied.

Estimation of body surface area of extremely obese human subjects

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 781-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett R. Tucker ◽  
James K. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Total Body Surface Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Du Bois ◽  
Linear Formula ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Obese Human

The body surface areas of one normal and four extremely obese human subjects have been estimated by three methods: a) direct measurement by a method similar to that which Du Bois described; b) calculation from the Du Bois height-weight formula; and c) calculation from the Du Bois linear formula. The values for the total body surface area of the obese subjects calculated from the height-weight formula varied up to 11% below those that were directly measured. The values for the total body surface area obtained with the linear formula ranged between 13% and 20% above the direct measurements, this being almost entirely due to discrepancies in the trunk and in the thigh estimations. It has been concluded that estimation of the body surface area oxf extremely obese subjects by the Du Bois height-weight formula is satisfactory when considered in relation to the accuracy of the physiologic measurements with which it is generally used. Because of the unusual body form the Du Bois linear formula has been found unsatisfactory for this group. Submitted on March 1, 1960

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