Development of trypanosomes of the T. avium complex in the invertebrate host

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 945-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon F. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Invertebrate Host ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Different Temperatures

Development of strains of the Trypanosoma avium complex were studied in an experimental vector, Aedes aegypti. Developmental stages in the midgut and the rate of multiplication of the trypanosomes in mosquitoes held at different temperatures are described. Some factors influencing the multiplication of T. avium in the invertebrate host are discussed and observations on the development of the flagellates in simuliids, ceratopoginids, and tabanids are presented.

scholarly journals Artemisia vulgaris efficacies against various stages of Aedes aegypti

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1423-1429
Author(s):  
Vika Ichsania Ninditya ◽  
Endah Purwati ◽  
Ajeng Tyas Utami ◽  
Aprillyani Sofa Marwaningtyaz ◽  
Nadia Khairunnisa Fairuz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Oviposition Deterrent ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Artemisia Vulgaris ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Potential Alternative

Background and Aim: Aedes aegypti is the vector of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, chikungunya, and, most recently, Zika. Dengue fever is one of Indonesia's endemic diseases. The principal tool for preventing dengue is controlling Ae. aegypti by chemical insecticides since vaccine against dengue is still under research. However, Ae. aegypti developed resistance to various chemical insecticides worldwide. Therefore, research on alternate compounds as mosquito insecticides is urgently needed. This study demonstrated the efficacy of Artemisia vulgaris extract as larvicidal, ovicidal, adulticidal, repellency, and oviposition deterrent activity against Ae. aegypti. Materials and Methods: A. vulgaris was obtained from Temanggung, Indonesia, while the eggs of Ae. aegypti were collected from Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and were hatched in Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Larvicidal activity was evaluated according to the WHO protocol; adulticidal activity was performed using the Centers for Disease Control protocol. Oviposition activity was evaluated using ovitraps added with A. vulgaris extract, complete protection time in the repellent assay was defined as the number of minutes elapsed between compound application and the landing of the first mosquito. Results: A test of the larvicidal activity of A. vulgaris extract returned an LC50 of 65.8 ppm (r2=0.9014) in 1 h and 18.6 ppm (r2=0.575) in 24 h. A. vulgaris was effective as an adulticidal, demonstrating LC50 values of 11.35 mg (r2=0.875) in 90 min, 9.63 mg (r2=0.924) in 105 min, and 6.46 mg (r2=0.925) in 120 min. A. vulgaris at a concentration of 1000 ppm was able to reach 96% of oviposition deterrent effect. The ovicidal assay, a concentration of 1000 ppm resulted in 82.67% of eggs remaining unhatched. An extract concentration of 80 mg/ml achieved 63.3±3.5% biting repellency in adults. Conclusion: This study gives a clear indication that A. vulgaris extract acts on Ae. aegypti at various developmental stages and is a potential alternative bioinsecticide for controlling this disease vector.

scholarly journals Transcriptional Profile of Aedes aegypti Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins in Response to Zika and Chikungunya Viruses

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liming Zhao ◽  
Barry Alto ◽  
Dongyoung Shin
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Transcription Profiles ◽  
Time Course Study

Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. The leucine-rich repeats (LRR)-containing domain is evolutionarily conserved in many proteins associated with innate immunity in invertebrates and vertebrates, as well as plants. We focused on the AaeLRIM1 and AaeAPL1 gene expressions in response to Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection using a time course study, as well as the developmental expressions in the eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. RNA-seq analysis data provided 60 leucine-rich repeat related transcriptions in Ae. aegypti in response to Zika virus (Accession number: GSE118858, accessed on: August 22, 2018, GEO DataSets). RNA-seq analysis data showed that AaeLRIM1 (AAEL012086-RA) and AaeAPL1 (AAEL009520-RA) were significantly upregulated 2.5 and 3-fold during infection by ZIKV 7-days post infection (dpi) of an Ae. aegypti Key West strain compared to an Orlando strain. The qPCR data showed that LRR-containing proteins related genes, AaeLRIM1 and AaeAPL1, and five paralogues were expressed 100-fold lower than other nuclear genes, such as defensin, during all developmental stages examined. Together, these data provide insights into the transcription profiles of LRR proteins of Ae. aegypti during its development and in response to infection with emergent arboviruses.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional visualisation of developmental stages of an apicomplexan fish blood parasite in its invertebrate host

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Polly M Hayes ◽  
David F Wertheim ◽  
Nico J Smit ◽  
Alan M Seddon ◽  
Angela J Davies
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Blood Parasite ◽  
Invertebrate Host ◽  
Fish Blood

scholarly journals Modelling adult Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus survival at different temperatures in laboratory and field settings

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver J Brady ◽  
Michael A Johansson ◽  
Carlos A Guerra ◽  
Samir Bhatt ◽  
Nick Golding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Different Temperatures

THE INFLUENCE OF CONSTANT TEMPERATURES ON THE NON-DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT OF HYSSOPUS THYMUS (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Syme
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Thermal Constant ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fluctuating Temperatures

AbstractThe influence of constant temperatures on the non-diapause development of Hyssopus thymus was studied and the results of these studies are presented. A lower threshold for development of less than 12 °C and an upper threshold of about 32 °C were determined. Mean times for and rates of development at different temperatures are presented for all developmental stages. The egg is the stage most sensitive to temperature change. Regression equations describing the relationship between the rate of development and temperature for these stages are given and a thermal constant (K) of about 190 degree-days is calculated for total development. This constant is not applicable to naturally fluctuating temperatures. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to the potential impact of H. thymus on European pine shoot moth dynamics under different climatic conditions. It is concluded that H. thymus should be more effective in warmer seasons and at lower latitudes.

Experiments upon the feeding of Aëdes aegypti through animal membranes with a view to applying this method to the chemotherapy of malaria

Parasitology ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 85-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Bishop ◽  
Barbara M. Gilchrist
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Infected Chicken ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
Chicken Blood

1. Membranes prepared from chicken skin provide a suitable medium through which Aëdes aegypti females may be induced to gorge.2. Under suitable conditions the proportion of female A. aegypti which will gorge through membranes, though more variable than when a living chick is offered, is great enough for experimental purposes.3. It is shown that the gorging reaction in A. aegypti is provoked by a heat gradient between the environment and the food-limiting membrane.4. The feeding reactions of A. aegypti towards whole blood, fractions of blood, and other sub-stances have been studied. It was found that (a) whole blood, and red corpuscles in saline when ingested through membranes go directly into the stomach which becomes fully distended; (b) haemoglobin in plasma or distilled water is ingested to a lesser degree than whole blood or red corpuscles in saline, and plasma alone is rarely ingested, but all these pass to the stomach; (c) sweet solutions containing glucose or honey are seldom imbibed through membranes and pass to the stomach or diverticula, but only the diverticula are fully distended.When offered as open drops (a) blood is seldom ingested, but if ingested passes to the stomach; (b) haemoglobin in plasma or water, or plasma alone, are very rarely ingested, but pass mainly to the stomach; (c) sweet solutions containing honey or glucose, or mixtures of blood and honey are readily ingested and pass mainly to the diverticula which become fully distended, though traces may be found in the stomach.5. Aëdes aegypti may be infected with Plasmodium gallinaceum by allowing them to gorge on drawn infected chicken blood through a membrane. Infection rates comparable to those obtained when the mosquitoes are fed directly on living chickens may be obtained by this method.6. If infected mosquitoes are allowed to gorge upon uninfected blood through membranes they eject viable sporozoites into the blood. When young chicks are injected intravenously with blood so infected, infections are produced which in period of incubation and intensity are comparable with those resulting from the bites of infected mosquitoes.7. The ejection of sporozoites through membranes in this manner provides a ready means of obtaining sporozoites free from glandular tissue.8. Sporozoites collected by this method will be suitable for in vitro experiments upon the action of drugs on sporozoites, and also as a source of material for studying in tissue cultures the developmental stages of the malaria parasite arising directly from the sporozoite.We wish to thank Prof. D. Keilin, F.R.S., and Dr P. Tate for helpful criticism and advice during the course of the work.

Development of the neotropical catfish Rhamdia quelen (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae) incubated in different temperature regimes

Zygote ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alana Marielle Rodrigues-Galdino ◽  
Camila Valente Maiolino ◽  
Mariana Forgati ◽  
Lucélia Donatti ◽  
Jorge Daniel Mikos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Early Juvenile ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Rhamdia Quelen ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Chemosensory Systems ◽  
Scanning Electron

SummaryThe developmental stages for the embryonic and larval periods of the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) kept at different temperatures (21, 24, 27 and 30°C) are described. Fish were analysed under light and scanning electron microscopy. For embryonic development, we described 25 stages, which were grouped into seven periods named zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula and hatching periods. For larval development, we defined three stages (early, mid, and late larvae). Additionally, the main ontogenetic events during the post-larvae and early juvenile periods were also described. This species presents a well developped lateral line and chemosensory systems that grow up during the larval period, maturing in the post-larvae. All tested temperatures are viable to R. quelen development, but a shorter incubation period was necessary to complete the development at lower temperatures. However, some malformations (heart edema) were verified at 30°C.

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