Routes of excretion of particulate waste in the polychaete, Hermodice carunculata

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Rattenbury Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Hermodice Carunculata ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Haem Iron

The accumulation of particulate matter is described as taking place in the body wall, gills, intestinal epithelium, and nephridial duct of Hermodice carunculata. The quantity of material accumulated increases in starved and regenerating animals. Histochemical tests show that it is decidedly heterogeneous and suggested components include melanins, lipofuscins, and non-haem iron. The particulate matter is regarded as waste material eliminated through the body surface.

scholarly journals Microvilli on the External Surfaces of Gastropod Tentacles and Body-Walls

1963 ◽  
Vol s3-104 (68) ◽  
pp. 495-504
Author(s):  
NANCY J. LANE
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Free Cell ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Lamellar Bodies ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Histochemical Tests

In Helix aspersa the ‘cuticle’ on the free surface of the external epithelial cells of the optic tentacles has been shown to consist of a layer of microvilli. Microvilli are also present in the same species on the free cell borders of the body-wall, and in the slug Arion hortensis, on the outer cell surfaces of the external epithelium. In all three cases the microvilli are arranged in a hexagonal pattern. There are indications that branching may possibly occur. The microvilli have granular cores with cross- and longitudinal-striations and there are fibrillar connexions between their tips. On the tentacular and body surfaces of H. aspersa, the microvilli increase the surface area 15 and 12 times, respectively. On A. hortensis the increase in surface area is only 4 times. In H. aspersa, beneath the microvilli on the tips of the optic tentacles there is a layer, about 3 to 4 µ deep, composed of vertical, horizontal, and tangential fibres. Some of these fibres are attached to lamellar bodies, which may have a lipid content. Granules are also found among the fibres. Further, a greater depth of cuticle is found to be present on the tips of the inferior tentacles of H. aspersa than on their sides; this seems to indicate that a fibrillar layer, similar to that on the optic tentacles, may lie beneath the cuticle of microvilli on the tips of the inferior tentacles. A thicker cuticle is also found on the tips of the optic tentacles in other stylommatophoran pulmonates. It has not been found possible to ascertain whether the fibrillar layer is intracellular or extracellular, although the evidence points to the latter. Histochemical tests indicate that mucopolysaccharide is present on the surface of the cuticle. Electron micrographs show a granular precipitate caught on and between the fibrillae connecting the tips of the microvilli. It is suggested that the function of the microvilli is to hold the mucous secretions on the body-surface, which would give protection to the animals.

THE COELOMOCYTES OF HERMODICE CARUNCULATA (POLYCHAETA: AMPHINOMIDAE) IN RELATION TO DIGESTION AND EXCRETION

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Rattenbury Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
The Body ◽  
Posterior Intestine ◽  
Hermodice Carunculata ◽  
Intracellular Digestion ◽  
Anterior Intestine ◽  
Food Digestion

In Hermodice carunculata the anterior intestine is the part of the gut most active in the digestion of food. Digestion involves secretion by two types of cell and probably also intracellular digestion by invading coelomocytes. Amoebocytic cells appear to be active in the absorption of food in both the anterior and posterior intestine. Disposal of particulate waste also concerns amoebocytic cells which accumulate materials in a band along the midventral line of the body wall and in the middorsal line of the eversible buccal cavity and pharynx. From these bands small masses of particulate material are periodically shed.

scholarly journals Function of the Epithelial Channel Cells of the Body Wall of a Terrestrial Slug, Ariolimax Columbianus

1986 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-314
Author(s):  
A. W. MARTIN ◽  
I. DEYRUP-OLSEN
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cellular Transport ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Central Channel ◽  
Bicarbonate Ions

The body wall of the land slug Ariolimax columbianus Gould (Arionidae) secretes fluid in response to mechanical stimulation. This fluid is a product of specialized channel cells, with addition of mucus. Channel cell function can be explained in terms of ultrafiltration of blood components into the central channel, and modification of this ultrafiltrate, prior to extrusion from the body surface, by cellular transport of univalent ions but without change in osmotic pressure. Sodium and chloride ions are conserved, and potassium and bicarbonate ions are transferred out into the channel cell product. Agents known to affect epithelial transports and ion processing in a variety of animals - ouabain, amiloride, furosemide, SITS and acetazolamide - depress the function of the slug channel cells.

The fine structure of the body-wall in a free-living nematode, Euchromadora vulgaris

1965 ◽  
Vol s3-106 (73) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
B. D. WATSON
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thin Membrane ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
Histochemical Tests ◽  
Quinone Tanning ◽  
De Man

The body-wall of adult Euchromadora vulgaris is composed of the 3 layers common to all nematodes, the cuticle, epidermis, and muscle cells. The cuticle is composed of 4 layers, a thin membrane resolvable only by the electron microscope, and 3 layers which can be observed in the light microscope. Histochemical tests show that the cuticle is predominantly protein and contains collagen. Of the 3 main layers of the cuticle, the outermost is about 0.4µ, thick and it is penetrated at regular intervals by grooves which divide the cuticle into annuli. This layer has several features in common with the external cortical layer of the cuticle in Ascaris lumbricoides; it is hardened by disulphide bonds and possibly quinone tanning, and is resistant to collagenase. The middle layer is about 1 to 1.5µ thick and is formed from a series of overlapping plates. The rod-like bodies of de Man are located in this layer and are hollow. Internally, the cuticle is bounded by a basal lamella about 0.2µ thick. The epidermis is thickened to form 4 chords and is composed of a large number of cells, which contain filamentous mitochondria with many cristae, granules of glycogen, and, in the pharyngeal region, pigment spots. The fibrillar zone of the muscle cell contains myofilaments of two types, large filaments 20 to 25 mµ in diameter, which are surrounded by smaller filaments 5 to 7 mµ in diameter. There are filamentous mitochondria, glycogen and a nucleus in the protoplasmic bulb. Covering the muscle cell is a thin membrane, the sarcolemma, which is infolded at regular intervals between groups of myofilaments. The sarcolemma is fused with the basal cuticular layer at both ends of each muscle cell.

scholarly journals The site of loss of water from insects

1934 ◽  
Vol 116 (797) ◽  
pp. 139-149 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Physical Laws

A considerable amount of work has been done with regard to the water-balance of insects (recently summarized by Buxton, 1932), and on the physical laws governing the water loss from insects, but as yet no one has determined exactly from what part of the insect’s body water is lost. It has been found that when insects are not excreting at all, considerable amounts of water are evaporated from their bodies—quantities frequently sufficient to cause death from desiccation. There are three possible ways in which an insect might lose this water (apart from the alimentary canal) : (i) through the general surface of the body wall; (ii) through the spiracular system; and (iii) partly from the body surface and partly through the spiracular system. The fact that carbon dioxide passes readily through chitin (Dewitz, 1890), and that insects get rid of some of that gas through their integument (v. Buddenbrock and Rohr, 1922), suggests that watervapour may also pass from the insect's body in a similar manner. However, Hazelhoff (1927) states that resting insects keep their spiracles closed most of the time, only opening them sufficiently often to obtain enough oxygen, in order to conserve water. He believes that most of the water is lost through the tracheal system. The observations of Gunn (1933) on the cockroach and Mellanby (1932, b ) on the mealworm also suggest that a high proportion of the water evaporated from those insects is lost through the spiracles. The experiments described in this paper show how spiracular opening affects the rate at which insects lose water by evaporation, and the results obtained make it possible to say from what parts of the body this loss takes place.

Behaviour, irrigation and respiration in Eudistylia vancouveri (Polychaeta: Sabellidae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Giangrande
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Intertidal Zone ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Narrow Tube ◽  
Sea Bottom

To evaluate the relative importance of tentacular crown and body surface in sabellid respiration, experiments were carried out on Eudistylia vancouveri (Kinberg, 1867), a long narrow worm living in a permanent tube in the intertidal zone. This species irrigates its tube by peristaltic waves, as do most species of Sabellinae and this allows water circulation inside the tube for body surface respiration.Measurements of oxygen uptake after amputation of the tentacular crown indicated a reduction of about 80% of the total respiration. This value was higher than that found for other Sabellinae studied. Some predictions about other species were made on the basis of the present observations and of comparison with species having similar aptitudes.The habit of living in a narrow tube protruding from the sea bottom, as occurs among sabellids, implies some adaptations concerning feeding, excretion and respiration. In the order Sabellida, the prostomium is reduced and fused to the peristomium which usually forms a large tentacular crown (Fauchald, 1977) with both feeding and respiratory functions. Its relative importance in respiration, however, is still little known. Survival after crown amputation suggests that this structure is not essential for respiration; moreover some species can autotomize and regenerate it (Berrill, 1931; Okada, 1934). In sabellids, respiration can in fact occur at the level of the body surface and this is made possible by the flux of the water contained in the tube which is generated by the worm itself: i.e. irrigation. Sabellinae species can actively irrigate their tubes by waves of muscular contraction of the body wall in either direction.

The Role of Computer Modeling in Electrocardiography

1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (04) ◽  
pp. 282-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. van Oosterom
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Computer Modeling ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
The Body ◽  
Volume Conductor ◽  
Current Generator ◽  
Cardiac Electrical Activity ◽  
Source Models

AbstractThis paper introduces some levels at which the computer has been incorporated in the research into the basis of electrocardiography. The emphasis lies on the modeling of the heart as an electrical current generator and of the properties of the body as a volume conductor, both playing a major role in the shaping of the electrocardiographic waveforms recorded at the body surface. It is claimed that the Forward-Problem of electrocardiography is no longer a problem. Several source models of cardiac electrical activity are considered, one of which can be directly interpreted in terms of the underlying electrophysiology (the depolarization sequence of the ventricles). The importance of using tailored rather than textbook geometry in inverse procedures is stressed.

The use of Body Surface Index as a Better Clinical Health indicators Compare to Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area for Clinical Application

2018 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Shirazu I. ◽  
Theophilus. A. Sackey ◽  
Elvis K. Tiburu ◽  
Mensah Y. B. ◽  
Forson A.
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Body

The relationship between body height and body weight has been described by using various terms. Notable among them is the body mass index, body surface area, body shape index and body surface index. In clinical setting the first descriptive parameter is the BMI scale, which provides information about whether an individual body weight is proportionate to the body height. Since the development of BMI, two other body parameters have been developed in an attempt to determine the relationship between body height and weight. These are the body surface area (BSA) and body surface index (BSI). Generally, these body parameters are described as clinical health indicators that described how healthy an individual body response to the other internal organs. The aim of the study is to discuss the use of BSI as a better clinical health indicator for preclinical assessment of body-organ/tissue relationship. Hence organ health condition as against other body composition. In addition the study is `also to determine the best body parameter the best predict other parameters for clinical application. The model parameters are presented as; modeled height and weight; modelled BSI and BSA, BSI and BMI and modeled BSA and BMI. The models are presented as clinical application software for comfortable working process and designed as GUI and CAD for use in clinical application.

Lymphangiomatosis of the Body Wall: A Report of Two Cases Associated with Chylothorax and Fatal Outcome

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Moerman ◽  
Chris Van Geet ◽  
Hugo Devlieger
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
The Body
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