SENSITIZATION TO MOSQUITO BITES

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. McKiel
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Delayed Reaction ◽  
Allergic Manifestation ◽  
Antigenic Fraction

Laboratory animals can be sensitized to mosquito bites by injections of mosquito extract or by repeated exposures to mosquito bites. The immediate reaction occurs only in sensitized animals and therefore is an allergic manifestation. The delayed reaction also appears to have a similar cause. Mosquito extracts are not toxic to animals. The sensitizing material first appears in the life cycle of the mosquito late in the series of changes which take place within the pupa. This material is limited to the head–thorax region of the mosquito, presumably to the salivary glands, and probably is composed of more than one antigenic fraction.

scholarly journals STUDY OF THE TOXIC PROPERTIES OF NAIVOTNYH NEW DENTAL MATERIAL BASED ON OXIDE ALUMINA

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Д. Жолудев ◽  
D. Zholudev ◽  
Р. Бердников ◽  
R. Berdnikov ◽  
С. Григорьев ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Plasma Spraying ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Dental Material ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Deep Layers

<p>The article presents the experimental study of a new dental material based on oxide alumina obtained by plasma spraying. The experiment was performed on a large group of laboratory animals rat line «Vistar», with making a detailed study on the behavioral responses of animals on the injected material, hematological, biochemical parameters of blood. Were executed morphological studies of the salivary glands and the deep layers of the skin of animals in the field of direct suturing of the test material. </p>

scholarly journals MORPHOLOGY OF GLANDULAR AREA OF HARD PALATE MUCOSA IN INTACT ALBINO RATS

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193
Author(s):  
Ye.S. Khilinich ◽  
V.Yu. Davydenko
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Hard Palate ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Minor Salivary Glands ◽  
Palate Mucosa ◽  
The Impact

Some reports state that the morphology, histochemistry and innervation of mucous membrane in rats are quite similar to that in humans. Most experimental studies on the impact of certain factors on the human body involve laboratory animals, rats in particular. In our previous experimental studies we used rats to study the effect of acrylic monomer on salivary glands in order to further extrapolate data to the morphological features of minor salivary glands of rats and humans. This study was aimed at investigating morphology of glandular area of the hard palate mucosa of intact albino rats with subsequent extrapolation of the results obtained to human body. The experimental studies were conducted on adult Wistar rats aged 1 to 1.5 years. The light microscopy (slight magnification) of transverse sections of the hard palate mucosa samples of albino rats revealed the mucous membrane and well-developed submucous layer with numerous minor salivary glands within its structure. The findings confirm the similarity between the structure of minor salivary glands of rats and humans that supports the rational choice of experimental animals for subsequent extrapolation of the resulting data.

scholarly journals Inhibitor of Cysteine Proteases Is Critical for Motility and Infectivity of Plasmodium Sporozoites

mBio ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja E. Boysen ◽  
Kai Matuschewski
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Cysteine Proteases ◽  
Gliding Motility ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Wide Range

ABSTRACT Malaria is transmitted when motile sporozoites are injected into the dermis by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Inside the mosquito vector, sporozoites egress from midgut-associated oocysts and eventually penetrate the acinar cells of salivary glands. Parasite-encoded factors with exclusive vital roles in the insect vector can be studied by classical reverse genetics. Here, we characterized the in vivo roles of Plasmodium berghei falstatin/ICP (inhibitor of cysteine proteases). This protein was previously suggested to act as a protease inhibitor during erythrocyte invasion. We show by targeted gene disruption that loss of ICP function does not affect growth inside the mammalian host but causes a complete defect in sporozoite transmission. Sporogony occurred normally in icp(−) parasites, but hemocoel sporozoites showed a defect in continuous gliding motility and infectivity for salivary glands, which are prerequisites for sporozoite transmission to the mammalian host. Absence of ICP correlates with enhanced cleavage of circumsporozoite protein, in agreement with a role as a protease regulator. We conclude that ICP is essential for only the final stages of sporozoite maturation inside the mosquito vector. This study is the first genetic evidence that an ICP is necessary for the productive motility of a eukaryotic parasitic cell. IMPORTANCE Cysteine proteases and their inhibitors are considered ideal drug targets for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including cancer and parasitic infections. In protozoan parasites, including Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium, cysteine proteases play important roles in life cycle progression. A mouse malaria model provides an unprecedented opportunity to study the roles of a parasite-encoded inhibitor of cysteine proteases (ICP) over the entire parasite life cycle. By precise gene deletion, we found no evidence that ICP influences disease progression or parasite virulence. Instead, we discovered that this factor is necessary for parasite movement and malaria transmission from mosquitoes to mammals. This finding in a fast-moving unicellular protozoan has important implications for malaria intervention strategies and the roles of ICPs in the regulation of eukaryotic cell migration.

scholarly journals The Plasmodium eukaryotic initiation factor-2α kinase IK2 controls the latency of sporozoites in the mosquito salivary glands

2010 ◽  
Vol 207 (7) ◽  
pp. 1465-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Zhang ◽  
Clare Fennell ◽  
Lisa Ranford-Cartwright ◽  
Ramanavelan Sakthivel ◽  
Pascale Gueirard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor ◽  
Active Process ◽  
Eif2α Kinase

Sporozoites, the invasive form of malaria parasites transmitted by mosquitoes, are quiescent while in the insect salivary glands. Sporozoites only differentiate inside of the hepatocytes of the mammalian host. We show that sporozoite latency is an active process controlled by a eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α) kinase (IK2) and a phosphatase. IK2 activity is dominant in salivary gland sporozoites, leading to an inhibition of translation and accumulation of stalled mRNAs into granules. When sporozoites are injected into the mammalian host, an eIF2α phosphatase removes the PO4 from eIF2α-P, and the repression of translation is alleviated to permit their transformation into liver stages. In IK2 knockout sporozoites, eIF2α is not phosphorylated and the parasites transform prematurely into liver stages and lose their infectivity. Thus, to complete their life cycle, Plasmodium sporozoites exploit the mechanism that regulates stress responses in eukaryotic cells.

scholarly journals Imaging of Borrelia turicatae Producing the Green Fluorescent Protein Reveals Persistent Colonization of the Ornithodoros turicata Midgut and Salivary Glands from Nymphal Acquisition through Transmission

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna Krishnavajhala ◽  
Hannah K. Wilder ◽  
William K. Boyle ◽  
Ashish Damania ◽  
Justin A. Thornton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Green Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Relapsing Fever ◽  
Tick Feeding ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Infectious Cycle

ABSTRACT Relapsing fever (RF) spirochetes colonize and are transmitted to mammals primarily by Ornithodoros ticks, and little is known regarding the pathogen's life cycle in the vector. To further understand vector colonization and transmission of RF spirochetes, Borrelia turicatae expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker (B. turicatae-gfp) was generated. The transformants were evaluated during the tick-mammal infectious cycle, from the third nymphal instar to adult stage. B. turicatae-gfp remained viable for at least 18 months in starved fourth-stage nymphal ticks, and the studies indicated that spirochete populations persistently colonized the tick midgut and salivary glands. Our generation of B. turicatae-gfp also revealed that within the salivary glands, spirochetes are localized in the ducts and lumen of acini, and after tick feeding, the tissues remained populated with spirochetes. The B. turicatae-gfp generated in this study is an important tool to further understand and define the mechanisms of vector colonization and transmission. IMPORTANCE In order to interrupt the infectious cycle of tick-borne relapsing fever spirochetes, it is important to enhance our understanding of vector colonization and transmission. Toward this, we generated a strain of Borrelia turicatae that constitutively produced the green fluorescent protein, and we evaluated fluorescing spirochetes during the entire infectious cycle. We determined that the midgut and salivary glands of Ornithodoros turicata ticks maintain the pathogens throughout the vector's life cycle and remain colonized with the spirochetes for at least 18 months. We also determined that the tick's salivary glands were not depleted after a transmission blood feeding. These findings set the framework to further understand the mechanisms of midgut and salivary gland colonization.

The liver, salivary glands, and exocrine pancreas of laboratory animals

1985 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-149
Author(s):  
T.C. Jones ◽  
Yoichi Konishi ◽  
Ulrich Mohr
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Exocrine Pancreas ◽  
Laboratory Animals

scholarly journals Aedes aegypti SGS1 is critical for Plasmodium gallinaceum infection of both the mosquito midgut and salivary glands

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca B. Kojin ◽  
Ines Martin-Martin ◽  
Helena R. C. Araújo ◽  
Brian Bonilla ◽  
Alvaro Molina-Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Plasmodium Gallinaceum ◽  
Mosquito Midgut

Abstract Background The invasion of the mosquito salivary glands by Plasmodium sporozoites is a critical step that defines the success of malaria transmission and a detailed understanding of the molecules responsible for salivary gland invasion could be leveraged towards control of vector-borne pathogens. Antibodies directed against the mosquito salivary gland protein SGS1 have been shown to reduce Plasmodium gallinaceum sporozoite invasion of Aedes aegypti salivary glands, but the specific role of this protein in sporozoite invasion and in other stages of the Plasmodium life cycle remains unknown. Methods RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 were used to evaluate the role of A. aegypti SGS1 in the P. gallinaceum life cycle. Results Knockdown and knockout of SGS1 disrupted sporozoite invasion of the salivary gland. Interestingly, mosquitoes lacking SGS1 also displayed fewer oocysts. Proteomic analyses confirmed the abolishment of SGS1 in the salivary gland of SGS1 knockout mosquitoes and revealed that the C-terminus of the protein is absent in the salivary gland of control mosquitoes. In silico analyses indicated that SGS1 contains two potential internal cleavage sites and thus might generate three proteins. Conclusion SGS1 facilitates, but is not essential for, invasion of A. aegypti salivary glands by P. gallinaceum and has a dual role as a facilitator of parasite development in the mosquito midgut. SGS1 could, therefore, be part of a strategy to decrease malaria transmission by the mosquito vector, for example in a transgenic mosquito that blocks its interaction with the parasite.

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