NUTRITION OF THE PALE WESTERN CUTWORM, AGROTIS ORTHOGONIA MORR. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): I. EFFECTS OF UNDERFEEDING AND ARTIFICIAL DIETS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, AND A COMPARISON OF WHEAT SPROUTS OF THATCHER, TRITICUM AESTIVUM L., AND GOLDEN BALL, T. DURUM DESF., AS FOOD

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. McGinnis ◽  
R. Kasting
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Artificial Diets ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Golden Ball ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Leaf Juice

Larvae of the pale western cutworm fed ad libitum on Thatcher wheat sprouts required six instars to mature and increased in weight from 0.25 mg to near 700 mg in about 4 weeks. Larvae fed for only 2 hours each day required an additional instar, developed more slowly, and were smaller. The growth curves were generally similar as both exhibited a plateau before each molt, followed by a rapid rise. Of four artificial diets tested, only the two containing wheat-leaf juice permitted weight increases. The percentages of dry matter and nitrogen in the cutworm varied according to the stage of larval development and the variety of wheat sprouts fed. These factors, as well as underfeeding, also influenced the efficiency with which the cutworm converted its food to body tissue.

NUTRITION OF THE PALE WESTERN CUTWORM, AGROTIS ORTHOGONIA MORR. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): II. DRY MATTER AND NITROGEN ECONOMY OF LARVAE FED ON SPROUTS OF A HARD RED SPRING AND A DURUM WHEAT

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 713-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kasting ◽  
A. J. McGinnis
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Consistent Change ◽  
Golden Ball ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Dry matter and nitrogen balances, determined for individual instars of the pale western cutworm fed ad libitum on wheat sprouts, showed that reliable data were obtained for only the fourth, fifth, and sixth instars. During the larval period a single cutworm consumed about 10 g of fresh wheat sprouts containing about 25 mg of nitrogen. Of the consumed food, 40–50% of the dry matter and 60–70% of the nitrogen were excreted. Five days after the fifth molt the fresh weights of larvae fed on sprouts of durum wheat were significantly less than those fed on sprouts of the hard red spring wheat, but the dry weights were the same. The quantities of nitrogen found in excreta and body tissue approximated that consumed by the larvae. In contrast, however, much of the consumed dry matter (14–33%) could not be accounted for; recovery varied with variety. The percentage of the dry matter utilized, about 50%, remained constant during the last three instars. Nitrogen utilization by fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-instar larvae ranged between 25 and 45%. However, a consistently lower percentage of the nitrogen was utilized from Thatcher than from Golden Ball sprouts. On both varieties the lowest values were obtained in the sixth instar. In the excreta the percentages of insoluble dry matter, insoluble nitrogen, and volatile bases showed no consistent change during the last four instars. Seventy to eighty per cent of the excreted nitrogen was soluble in 80% ethanol, and about one-fifth of this was in the form of volatile bases. The variety of wheat sprouts fed had little, if any, effect on the composition of the excreta.

Quantitative Relationship Between Consumption and Excretion of Dry Matter by Larvae of the Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kasting ◽  
A. J. McGinnis
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Fecal Pellets ◽  
Relative Consumption ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Golden Ball ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Food Consumed

The quantities of excreta produced by aphids (Auclair, 1957) and locusts (Dadd, 1960) have been used to estimate the relative consumption of different food materials. Likewise the quantities of food consumed by some other insects have been conveniently estimated by counting fecal pellets (Thorsteinson, 1953; Ito, 1960). Ito (1960) stated without supporting data “there is a highly significant correlation between the amount of mulberry leaves ingested and numbers of feces produced”. Nevertheless there appear to be no published quantitative measurements made on individual insects that show the relationship between the quantities of food consumed and excreta passed. This note gives the relationship between the quantities of dry matter (D. M.) consumed and excreted for three larval instars of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., fed two varieties of etiolated wheat sprouts, Thatcher (Triticum aestivum L. emend Thell.) and Golden Ball (T. durum Desf.). In addition the relationship between D. M. consumed and numbers of fecal pellets produced or D. M. excreted by fifth-instar larvae were determined for two diets that differed considerably in nutritional value.

UTILIZATION OF GRASS SILAGE BY CATTLE: EFFECT OF BARLEY AND FISHMEAL SUPPLEMENTS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
M. IVAN ◽  
G. BUTLER ◽  
J. G. PROULX
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Large Reduction ◽  
High Nitrogen Content ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum

Following weaning at 6–7 mo of age, 36 beef steers were used to determine production responses when grass silage was supplemented with barley or fishmeal. The silage was made from direct-cut, formic- acid-treated grass harvested from a mixed sward and had a high nitrogen content but poor fermentation characteristics. The silage was fed ad libitum for 98 days either alone or supplemented with 500 g fishmeal or 500 g barley per day. Both fishmeal and barley increased total dry matter intake (P < 0.01) by an amount equivalent to the quantity of supplement offered but had no effect on silage intake (P > 0.05). Steers fed the fishmeal grew substantially faster than either the barley (0.53 kg/day) or unsupplemented (0.54 kg/day) groups (P < 0.01). Fishmeal supplementation resulted in a large reduction (35%) in the amount of feed required per kilogram of gain. Key words: Cattle, grass silage, fishmeal, growth

EFFECTS OF INCREMENTAL N FERTILIZATION ON GRAIN YIELD AND DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION OF SIX SPRING WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) CULTIVARS IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. GEHL ◽  
L. D. BAILEY ◽  
C. A. GRANT ◽  
J. M. SADLER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation

A 3-yr study was conducted on three Orthic Black Chernozemic soils to determine the effects of incremental N fertilization on grain yield and dry matter accumulation and distribution of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Urea (46–0–0) was sidebanded at seeding in 40 kg N ha−1 increments from 0 to 240 kg ha−1 in the first year and from 0 to 200 kg ha−1 in the 2 subsequent years. Nitrogen fertilization increased the grain and straw yields of all cultivars in each experiment. The predominant factor affecting the N response and harvest index of each cultivar was available moisture. At two of the three sites, 91% of the interexperiment variability in mean maximum grain yield was explained by variation in root zone moisture at seeding. Mean maximum total dry matter varied by less than 12% among cultivars, but mean maximum grain yield varied by more than 30%. Three semidwarf cultivars, HY 320, Marshall and Solar, had consistently higher grain yield and grain yield response to N than Glenlea and Katepwa, two standard height cultivars, and Len, a semidwarf. The mean maximum grain yield of HY 320 was the highest of the cultivars on test and those of Katepwa and Len the lowest. Len produced the least straw and total dry matter. The level of N fertilization at maximum grain yield varied among cultivars, sites and years. Marshall and Solar required the highest and Len the lowest N rates to achieve maximum grain yield. The year-to-year variation in rates of N fertilization needed to produce maximum grain yield on a specific soil type revealed the limitations of N fertility recommendations based on "average" amounts and temporal distribution of available moisture.Key words: Wheat (spring), N response, standard height, semidwarf, grain yield

Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. I. The significance of palatability, the capacity of the alimentary tract to handle digesta, and the supply of glucogenic substrate.

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 939 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Ad Libitum

Voluntary feed consumption (VFC) decreased when a quantity of the diet being consumed by the sheep was introduced into the rumen. On diets of lucerne hay, lucerne hay plus maize, wheaten hay, and wheaten straw, the decreases in VFC ranged from 90 to 110% of the quantity introduced intraruminally when this quantity varied from 20 to 60% of the VFC during control periods. When sheep consumed wheaten straw ad libitum, and a quantity of coarsely ground wheaten straw equal to 140% of the VFC during a control period was given intraruminally, VFC ceased and digesta accumulated in the rumen. VFC decreased when indigestible materials were introduced into the rumen. The voluntary consumption of lucerne hay decreased by 15% when sawdust was introduced into the rumen at a rate equivalent by weight to 17% of the VFC during a control period ; decreases of 7 and 9% were found when finely ground polyvinyl chloride was introduced at rates equivalent by weight to 25 and 50% respectively of VFC during control periods. The voluntary consumption of wheaten hay decreased by 16 and 19% when sawdust was introduced into the rumen at rates equivalent by weight to 25 and 18% respectively of VFC during control periods. Intraruminal infusions of acetic acid, propionic acid, or a mixture of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids providing 290–510 kcal of energy daily were accompanied by decreases in the voluntary consumption of lucerne hay and wheaten hay; the decreases ranged from 0.29 to 0.86 g dry matter per kcal of energy infused; similar decreases were obtained when propionic acid was infused into the abomasum of sheep given lucerne hay. The intake of lucerne hay was 9% higher when given alone than when supplemented with 6% propionic acid. The results are discussed in relation to factors limiting the intake of lucerne hay and wheaten hay.

Effect of physical processing on in situ degradation of barley in the caecum of ponies

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 127-127
Author(s):  
B M L McLean ◽  
J J Hyslop ◽  
A C Longland ◽  
D Cuddeford
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Fixed Times

Cereal grains are often subjected to physical processing before being fed to equids. However, little information is available on how physical processing of cereals affects degradation dynamics in equids. This experiment examines the effect of two physical processing methods (micronisation and extrusion) on in situ degradation of barley in the caecum of poniesThree caecally fistulated mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (approx. LW 270kg) were offered ad libitum grass hay plus minerals. Incubation bags (monofilament polyester 6.5 x 20cm, 41μm pores, 16mg/cm2 sample size) containing either unprocessed barley (UB), micronised barley (MB) or extruded barley (EB) were incubated in the caecum for fixed times according to both a forward (0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 8, 24, 48h) and reverse (48, 24, 8, 4, 12, 6, 2, 0h) incubation sequence. For each feedstuff residues from each time were bulked within pony and across incubation sequence for subsequent analysis of dry matter (DM) and starch (STC). Degradation profiles were fitted to the DM and STC disappearance data according to Ørskov and McDonald (1979).

scholarly journals Comparative Population Growth of the Psocid Liposcelis yunnaniensis (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) on Different Diets

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. IJIS.S4590 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.W. Hassan ◽  
W. Dou ◽  
H.B. Jiang ◽  
J.J. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Artificial Diets ◽  
Relative Level ◽  
Rice Hulls ◽  
Hulled Barley ◽  
Comparative Population

In this study, we investigated the population growth of the Liposcelis yunnaniensis (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) feeding on ten different diets. Out of the ten diets, eight were made of plain cereals namely wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), barley ( Hordeum vulgar L.), oats ( Avena sativa L.), rice ( Oryza sative L.), and sorghum ( Sorghum bicolour L.) while two were the artificial diets named Nayak wheat diet and Universal diet. The population growth was recorded as corn > wheat > universal diet > hulled barley > rice (hulls intact) > barley (hulls intact) > sorghum > Nayak wheat diet > oats > hulled rice. After 32 d culture, the initial 5 psocids developed to the populations as 41.8 ± 4.26, 41.5 ± 4.09 and 39.1 ± 7.64 on corn, wheat and universal diet, respectively. Meanwhile, psocids feeding on Nayak wheat diet, oats and hulled rice had significantly lower populations with 25.6 ± 2.42, 22.5 ± 3.09 and 13.6 ± 2.36 respectively. Rice and barley were included in the diets with and without hulls to see their effect on population growth. In case of barley, hulls had no significant effect on population growth while rice with hulls had significantly higher populations than rice alone. This study has confirmed the relative level of suitability of different cereals for this species when damaged. We have described a method to get the uniform age adults that can be helpful in research experiments.

THE EFFECT OF INGESTED CHLORTETRACYCLINE ON SOME HYDROLASES AND ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN GROWING PIGS: II. PROTEASE, AMYLASE, AND GELLULASE ACTIVITY OF THE CONTENTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE AND OF THE CECUM; WEIGHTS OF SMALL INTESTINE AND MUCOSA

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. A. Vonk ◽  
L. W. McElroy ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

Four treatments, involving differences in method of feeding and interval between last feed and slaughter, were employed in a study of the effect of dietary chlortetracycline on protease, amylase, and cellulase activity in the intestinal and cecal contents of 16 pairs of weanling pigs. Most consistent results were obtained with six pairs which were limited pair-fed except for the final feeding during which feed was available ad libitum for a 4-hour period ending 18 hours before slaughter. The mean total activities of all three hydrolases in the contents of the small intestines and of the ceca of the antibiotic-fed animals of these six pairs were significantly greater than in those of the control animals. Expressed as activity per gram dry matter of intestinal contents, significantly higher values for protease and amylase, but not for cellulase, were observed in the pigs that had received chlortetracycline. When the combined results obtained from all 16 pairs of the experimental animals were analyzed, the results showed that on a basis of activity per gram dry matter of intestinal contents, ingested chlortetracycline was associated with significant increases in amylase and cellulase but not in protease activity. Protease, amylase, and cellulase activities per gram dry matter of cecal contents were higher for pigs fed the antibiotic than for their controls. The mean wet weight of the empty small intestine and the mean dry weight of the mucosa scraped from the anterior 3-meter section of the small intestine were lower for the chlortetracycline-fed animals, but the differences were not statistically significant.

Effects of nutrition in late pregnancy on subsequent milk production in Ewes

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Total Birth ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARY1. Scottish Half-bred ewes carrying twin foetuses were fed individually to make live-weight gains in the last six weeks of pregnancy of (1) 20%, (2) 10% and (3) 0% of their live weight in week 14 of pregnancy. In lactation the ewes were fed ad libitum. The lambs were removed 12 to 16 hr after parturition and the ewes were machine-milked twice daily for the first six weeks of lactation.2. Total birth weights per ewe of twin lambs from the treatments were (1) 10·10 kg, (2) 9·44 kg and (3) 8·18 kg and differed significantly.3. The level and pattern of voluntary intake in lactation did not differ significantly between the treatments. Total dry-matter intakes in the six weeks of lactation were (1) 121·9 kg (2) 105·9 kg and (3) 109·5 kg.4. The pregnancy treatments affected the level of milk production and the shape of lactation curves. The total yields in the first six weeks of lactation were (1) 58·8 kg, (2) 43·5 kg and (3) 26·9 kg. Higher contents of fat and protein and the lower content of lactose in the milk from treatment-3 ewes on days 1 and 3 of lactation indicated a slower onset of lactation in these ewes. Between days 7 and 35 of lactation the contents of fat and SNF were lowest on treatment 3 but the differences were not significant.5. The live-weight changes in lactation, which were in inverse order to the gains in late pregnancy, were (1) 3·4 kg, (2) 5·5 kg and (3) 9·5 kg.

scholarly journals NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FRESH AND DRIED MARROW-STEM KALE HARVESTED AT TWO DIFFERENT PERIODS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. PELLETIER ◽  
E. DONEFER
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Plant Constituents ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Three yearling Cheviot × Suffolk ewes and three Columbia wethers were confined in metabolic cages and fed ad libitum fresh and dried marrow-stem kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala D.C.) harvested in mid- and late October. Chemical analyses of the forages indicated no marked effects on any of the plant constituents due to drying or advancing maturity. Digestibility measurements demonstrated that marrow-stem kale (MSK) was a highly digestible material with an average dry matter digestibility of 78%. The fresh forages had higher (P < 0.05) dry matter and gross energy digestibility values than the dried form. Dry matter digestibility coefficients were higher (P < 0.05) for late October as compared with the earlier harvest. A trend toward higher (P > 0.05) voluntary intake values due to drying maturity was observed with an average relative intake of 80%. The nutritive value index averaged 65, thus indicating a digestible energy intake similar to a high-quality (legume) forage.

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