STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): II. PHRYXE PECOSENSIS (TNS.) (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Maw ◽  
H. C. Coppel
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Life History ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Egg Deposition ◽  
Native Parasite ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Made In

Phryxe pecosensis (Tns.) is a native parasite attacking several species of lepidopterous larvae. It has been reared consistently from collections of the spruce budworm made in British Columbia. The time required from egg deposition to the beginning of the formation of the puparium was 7 to 11 days, the female taking the longer period. The puparium was usually completed within a 24-hr. period and the adult emerged 9 to 11 days later. The life history and habits of the insect are described and the salient characters of the immature stages and the internal reproductive systems of the adults are illustrated and described.

STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): I. SARCOPHAGA ALDRICHI PARK. (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Arthur ◽  
H. C. Coppel
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Malacosoma Disstria ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Pork Liver ◽  
Native Parasite ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Important Parasite

Sarcophaga aldrichi Park. is a native parasite which has been reared continually, though in small numbers, from Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in British Columbia. It is also an important parasite of Malacosoma disstria Hbn. and is apparently widely distributed throughout North America. The parasite can be reared in the laboratory on pork liver, or on a mixture of liver and fish, from larvae deposited on the rearing medium by ovoviviparous females. The total time required for development from deposition of the larvae to the beginning of puparial formation was five to eight days. The puparia were formed 7 to 44 days later. No adults emerged without a period of diapause, which normally lasted throughout the winter months. The distinguishing characters of the immature stages are described. The methods used in rearing spruce budworm pupae for obtaining parasites are outlined.

STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): V. OMOTOMA FUMIFERANAE (TOT.) (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Coppel ◽  
B. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
North America ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Immature Stages

Omoloma fumiferanae (Tot.), a parasite of a small number of Lepidoptera in North America and the most common of the native tachinid parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in British Columbia, deposits macrotype eggs on the integument of the host. The time from oviposition (on a host about to pupate) to puparial formation was 8 to 12 days at 23 °C. and a relative humidity of 60%. Approximately 25% of puparia produce adults the same year. The fate of these adults is not known. The remainder of the puparia produce adults the following spring. Among the important characters for identifying the immature stages of O. fumiferanae are the buccopharyngeal apparatus and the anterior and posterior spiracles.

STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): VII. AGRIA AFFINIS (FALL.) (DIPTERA : SARCOPHAGIDAE)

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 817-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Coppel ◽  
H. L. House ◽  
M. G. Maw
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Pork Liver ◽  
Pupal Diapause

Agria affinis (Fall.), a holarctic parasite of Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and Hymenoptera and one of the more common of the native sarcophagid parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) in British Columbia, deposits first stage larvae on or near the late larval and pupal stages of the host. The larvae penetrate the host integument and complete their development inside the host, dropping to the ground to overwinter as puparia. Adults emerge the following spring. The species was reared in the laboratory continuously on pork liver. Mated females had a prelarviposition period of about 21 days and deposited larvae for up to 45 days. Larval development was completed in 5 to 8 days, and at 21 ± 1 °C and 60% R.H. the puparia formed within 24 hours. The adults emerged from puparia after 10 to 14 days if dormancy did not intervene. A. affinis is propagated continuously in the laboratory, as the stock now appears to have no significant pupal diapause. Among the important characters for identifying its immature stages are the forms of the buccopharyngeal apparatus and of the anterior and posterior spiracles.

SAMPLING THE EGG STAGES OF THE TWO-YEAR-CYCLE SPRUCE BUDWORM NEAR BABINE LAKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA

1963 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. E. Harris
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
High Population ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Egg Stages ◽  
Understory Trees ◽  
Overstory Trees

Methods of sampling the immature stages of the two-year-cycle spruce bud-worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were studied at Babine hake in west-central British Columbia; this paper deals with the egg stage. At high population levels there was no difference in the number of egg masses per square foot of foliage surface between hosts, study areas, direction or sample size. Significant differences existed between crown levels and trees. Samples from understory trees were not representative of the egg populations from overstory trees. An acceptable estimate of egg numbers may be obtained by sampling one 18-inch branch tip from the mid-crown portion of as many trees as possible. Significant differences between sample areas at low population levels indicate that more localities would have to be sampled to obtain a representative estimate of egg numbers when fewer insects are present.

scholarly journals SAMPLING THE LARVAL STAGES OF THE TWO-YEAR-CYCLE SPRUCE BUDWORM NEAR BABINE LAKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. E. Harris
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
First Year ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Branch Size ◽  
Overstory Trees ◽  
Species Study

Methods of sampling the immature stages of the two-year-cycle spruce bud-worm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were studied at Babine Lake in west-central British Columbia; this paper deals with the larval stages. No significant differences in the numbers of overwintering larvae per square foot of foliage were found between host species or size of sample branch. Significant differences existed between sample trees but a difference between crown levels was found only in the first-year population. No differences were found in the number of feeding larvae between host species, study areas, or crown sides. A difference between sample branch size was found only in the first-year population. Significant differences existed between crown levels, between overstory trees, and between the understory and overstory. An acceptable estimate of larval numbers at least for year-to-year comparison might be obtained by sampling one 18-inch branch tip from the mid-crown portion of as many trees as time permits.

STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): III. CEROMASIA AURICAUDATA TNS. (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Coppel ◽  
M. G. Maw
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Mature Larva ◽  
Rearing Methods ◽  
Tachinid Parasite

The tachinid parasite Ceromasia auricaudata Tns., which had been transferred from Western to Eastern Canada for release against the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), is an insect that deposits microtype eggs on leaves which are later ingested by the host. Eggs hatch immediately after ingestion, but the parasite does not develop beyond the first larval stage until the host pupates. Then the larva develops rapidly, maturing within 10 days. The mature larva leaves the host pupal case, drops to the ground, and pupates usually within 24 hr. Nine to 11 days later, the adult emerges. Very little information is available on the overwintering habits. The life history, habits, and rearing methods are outlined and important characters of the immature stages are illustrated and described.

STUDIES ON DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA.TORTRICIDAE): VI. PHOROCERA INCRASSATA SMITH (DIPTERA:TACHINIDAE)

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Coppel
Keyword(s):  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
First Instar

Phorocera incrassala Smith, which was transferred from Western to Eastern Canada for release against the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), deposits microtype eggs on leaves, which are later ingested by the host. Eggs hatch immediately after ingestion, but the parasite does not develop beyond the first instar until the host pupates. The larva then develops rapidly, matures in 10 days, and forms its puparium within the host pupal case. The adult emerges in 12 to 14 days. No information is available on the overwintering habits. Among the important characters for identifying the immature stages of P. incrassala are the buccopharyngeal apparatus and the anterior and posterior spiracles.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER IN LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEM. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 1061-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Peak Abundance

AbstractThe relationship between temperature and pathogenesis of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki in infected larvae of the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clem., was investigated to determine if more rapid death of larvae with an increase in temperature could be accounted for by enhanced bacterial growth. Cumulative mortality of larvae force-fed with a lethal dose of HD-1-S-1980 peaked within 2 days at 25 °C, 3 days at 19 °C, 7 days at 16 °C, and 21 days at 13 °C. The progress of bacterial growth in the larvae was followed from spore germination to cell lysis, and was completed within 4 days at 25 °C, 6 days at 22 °C, 12 days at 19 °C, 14 days at 16 °C, and > 28 days at 13 °C. Peak abundance of vegetative cells in the larvae was observed after 1 day at 25 °C, 2 days at 22 °C, 3 days at 19 °C, 7 days at 16 °C, and 21 days at 13 °C, and thus coincided almost exactly with the time required for maximum larval mortality. This correlation suggests that the observed effect of temperature on progression of larval mortality was due to its effect on the proliferation of vegetative cells in the infected larvae, and that bacterial septicemia makes an important contribution to death.

Second Diapause in Spruce Budworm from Eastern Canada

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (7) ◽  
pp. 594-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
George T. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
One Year ◽  
Storage Times ◽  
Second Period

In eastern Canada larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), complete their development in one year, undergoing only one period of winter diapause in the second instar, whereas in certain parts of British Columbia, at high altitudes, two years are normally required for development, the larvae spending a second period of winter diapause in the fourth instar (3, 9). Among laboratory-reared eastern budworm there are a few individuals that enter a similar second diapause (7). The low incidence and somewhat irregular occurrence of this second diapause in eastern budworm, even in laboratory rearings, have hitherto made detailed studies almost impossible, but unusual storage times and treatments used recently in rearing experiments had the unexpected effect of increasing the incidence of this tvpe of behaviour to a level where experimental analysis became possible. This paper describes these larvae and their behaviour; an account of the effects of various conditions upon the incidence of second diapause will be presented later.

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