Advances in insect physiology and endocrinology through genomics, peptidomics, and related technologies1Introduction to the virtual symposium on recent advances in understanding a variety of complex regulatory processes in insect physiology and endocrinology, including development, metabolism, cold hardiness, food intake and digestion, and diuresis, through the use of omics technologies in the postgenomic era.

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Orchard ◽  
A.B. Lange
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Canadian Journal ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
Insect Physiology ◽  
Omics Technologies ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Insect Biology ◽  
Rich History ◽  
Genome Projects

This series of the Canadian Journal of Zoology brings together scientists actively working on insect physiology and endocrinology in this postgenomic era. This issue is timely and appropriate. Timely, because of the pace of change brought about by genome projects, functional genomics and genetics (omics technologies), including gene microarrays, mutations, RNAi, and sophisticated mass spectrometry techniques, which are helping to unravel complex regulatory processes. Appropriate, because Canada, and the Canadian Journal of Zoology, has a rich history and strong tradition of cutting-edge research in insect biology—with particular strengths in insect physiology and endocrinology. The first review illustrates how these very modern omics technologies can be embraced and applied to insect physiology and endocrinology, and the subsequent reviews illustrate this in practice, with regard to insect cold hardiness, insulin signaling and stress, peptidergic control of food intake and digestion, endocrine control of diuresis, and finally allatoregulatory peptides. These reviews set the scene and context for the exciting era that we find ourselves in, and the depth of understanding that has come from this postgenomic revolution.

Insect omics research coming of age1This review is part of a virtual symposium on recent advances in understanding a variety of complex regulatory processes in insect physiology and endocrinology, including development, metabolism, cold hardiness, food intake and digestion, and diuresis, through the use of omics technologies in the postgenomic era.

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Boerjan ◽  
Dries Cardoen ◽  
Rik Verdonck ◽  
Jelle Caers ◽  
Liliane Schoofs
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Omics Technologies ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Insect Biology ◽  
Functional Inactivation

As more and more insect genomes are fully sequenced and annotated, omics technologies, including transcriptomic, proteomic, peptidomics, and metobolomic profiling, as well as bioinformatics, can be used to exploit this huge amount of sequence information for the study of different biological aspects of insect model organisms. Omics experiments are an elegant way to deliver candidate genes, the function of which can be further explored by genetic tools for functional inactivation or overexpression of the genes of interest. Such tools include mainly RNA interference and are currently being developed in diverse insect species. In this manuscript, we have reviewed how omics technologies were integrated and applied in insect biology.

Families of allatoregulator sequences: a 2011 perspective1This review is part of a virtual symposium on recent advances in understanding a variety of complex regulatory processes in insect physiology and endocrinology, including development, metabolism, cold hardiness, food intake and digestion, and diuresis, through the use of omics technologies in the postgenomic era.

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Bendena ◽  
Stephen S. Tobe
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Peptide Binding ◽  
Terminal Sequence ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
New Members ◽  
Omics Technologies ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Peptide Family ◽  
Genome Projects ◽  
Specific Ligand

Three different peptide families have been named “allatostatins” (ASTs), based on their initial purifications which were based on their ability to inhibit juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis. These include (i) a family of peptides that have a consensus C-terminal sequence Y/FXFGL-NH2; (ii) a family of peptides with a conserved C-terminal sequence W(X)6W-NH2; and(iii) a family of peptides with C-terminal sequence PISCF, some of which are C-terminally-amidated. Each allatostatin family has functions distinct and apart from the inhibition of JH biosynthesis. A peptide family known as the “allatotropins” serve to stimulate JH biosynthesis. This family of peptides also has been proven to exert multiple effects dependent on the species in question. Genome and peptidome projects are uncovering new members of these families and it is clear that these structures are not just confined to Insecta but are found in a range of invertebrates. The receptors for these neuropeptides have been identified and tested experimentally for specific ligand binding. The Y/FXFGLa-ASTs exert their action through galanin-like receptors, W(X)6Wa-ASTs through a sex peptide-binding receptor, and PISCF-ASTs through somatostatin-like receptors. These receptors are conserved through evolutionary time and are being identified in numerous invertebrates by way of genome projects.

scholarly journals Peptidergic control of food intake and digestion in insects 1This review is part of a virtual symposium on recent advances in understanding a variety of complex regulatory processes in insect physiology and endocrinology, including development, metabolism, cold hardiness, food intake and digestion, and diuresis, through the use of omics technologies in the postgenomic era.

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Spit ◽  
L. Badisco ◽  
H. Verlinden ◽  
P. Van Wielendaele ◽  
S. Zels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regulatory Peptides ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Peptide Precursor ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Physiological Tasks ◽  
Saliva Production

Like all heterotrophic organisms, insects require a strict control of food intake and efficient digestion of food into nutrients to maintain homeostasis and to fulfill physiological tasks. Feeding and digestion are steered by both external and internal signals that are transduced by a multitude of regulatory factors, delivered either by neurons innervating the gut or mouthparts, or by midgut endocrine cells. The present review gives an overview of peptide regulators known to control feeding and digestion in insects. We describe the discovery and functional role in these processes for insect allatoregulatory peptides, diuretic hormones, FMRFamide-related peptides, (short) neuropeptide F, proctolin, saliva production stimulating peptides, kinins, and tachykinins. These peptides control either gut myoactivity, food intake, and (or) release of digestive enzymes. Some peptides exert their action at multiple levels, possibly having a biological function that depends on their site of delivery. Many regulatory peptides have been physically extracted from different insect species. However, multiple peptidomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and genome sequencing projects have led to increased discovery and prediction of peptide (precursor) and receptor sequences. In combination with physiological experiments, these large-scale projects have already led to important steps forward in unraveling the physiology of feeding and digestion in insects.

Calmodulin-induced feeding in the cat: attenuation by calcium chelator EGTA

1984 ◽  
Vol 246 (3) ◽  
pp. R375-R379
Author(s):  
R. D. Myers ◽  
T. F. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
The Brain

Cannulas for intracerebroventricular injection of calmodulin (CaM), Ca2+, and other substances were implanted stereotaxically in the cat. Postoperatively, measures of food intake were taken on each day during a 1.0-h interval until feeding had stabilized. Then the Ca2+-binding protein, CaM, was infused intracerebroventricularly into the fasted cat 15 min before the 1.0-h feeding session. CaM (0.15-0.60 nM) significantly enhanced the animal's normal feeding response, which was accompanied by a slight decline in body temperature. Infusion of 6.25-50.0 mM excess Ca2+ reduced body temperature in a concentration-dependent manner with food intake augmented by 6.25-25.0 mM Ca2+. Chelation of Ca2+ in the brain with 0.5-2.5 mM ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) similarly infused intracerebroventricularly into the cat simultaneously suppressed feeding and elevated core temperature. Threshold doses of EGTA selectively attenuated CaM-induced eating but not feeding elicited by the catecholamine neurotransmitter, norepinephrine. Overall these results suggest that CaM, by complexing with cellular Ca2+, could serve as an intermediary factor in governing steady-state activity of neurons in the brain. In turn, this essential cation may mediate specific regulatory processes within the diencephalon that underlie the postulated "setpoint" mechanism for the control of feeding.

Insulin-producing cells and their regulation in physiology and behavior ofDrosophila1This review is part of a virtual symposium on recent advances in understanding a variety of complex regulatory processes in insect physiology and endocrinology, including development, metabolism, cold hardiness, food intake and digestion, and diuresis, through the use of omics technologies in the postgenomic era.

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 476-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dick R. Nässel
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Ethanol Sensitivity ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Insulin Producing Cells ◽  
And Behavior

Insulin-like peptide signaling regulates development, growth, reproduction, metabolism, stress resistance, and life span in a wide spectrum of animals. Not only the peptides, but also their tyrosine kinase receptors and the downstream signaling pathways are conserved over evolution. This review summarizes roles of insulin-like peptides (DILPs) in physiology and behavior of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830. Seven DILPs (DILP1–7) and one receptor (dInR) have been identified in Drosophila. These DILPs display cell and stage specific expression patterns. In the adult, DILP2, 3, and 5 are expressed in insulin-producing cells (IPCs) among the median neurosecretory cells of the brain, DILP7 in 20 neurons of the abdominal ganglion, and DILP6 in the fat body. The DILPs of the IPCs regulate starvation resistance, responses to oxidative and temperature stress, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, the IPCs seem to regulate feeding, locomotor activity, sleep and ethanol sensitivity, but the mechanisms are not elucidated. Insulin also alters the sensitivity in the olfactory system that affects food search behavior, and regulates peptidergic neurons that control aspects of feeding behavior. Finally, the control of insulin production and release by humoral and neuronal factors is discussed. This includes a fat body derived factor and the neurotransmitters GABA, serotonin, octopamine, and two neuropeptides.

Endocrine regulation of insect diuresis in the early postgenomic era1This review is part of a virtual symposium on recent advances in understanding a variety of complex regulatory processes in insect physiology and endocrinology, including development, metabolism, cold hardiness, food intake and digestion, and diuresis, through the use of omics technologies in the postgenomic era.

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoonseong Park
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Endocrine Regulation ◽  
Reverse Genetic ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Endocrine Factors ◽  
And Function ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Diuresis, the removal of excess metabolic waste through production of primary urine while maintaining homeostasis, is an important biological process that is tightly regulated by endocrine factors. Several hormonal components that act as diuretic or antidiuretic factors in insects have been identified in the last few decades. Physiological mechanisms responsible for ion and water transport across biological membranes have been intensively studied. The large amount of data rapidly accumulating in the genomics era has led to an increased dependence on reverse genetic and physiological approaches, first identifying candidate genes and subsequently deriving functions. In many cases, the reverse approaches have been highly successful, especially in studies of the receptors for diuretic factors, which are mainly G-protein-coupled receptors. This review summarizes research on insect diuretic and antidiuretic endocrine factors, and their receptors. Emphases of the review are given to the genomics of ligands and their receptors, as well as to their implications for evolution and function.

Obesity and adiposity: the culprit of dietary protein efficacy

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-401
Author(s):  
Carla El-Mallah ◽  
Omar Obeid
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Past ◽  
Body Adiposity ◽  
Reduce Sugar ◽  
Eye Opening ◽  
Potential Strategy ◽  
Limitations And Exceptions

Abstract Obesity and increased body adiposity have been alarmingly increasing over the past decades and have been linked to a rise in food intake. Many dietary restrictive approaches aiming at reducing weight have resulted in contradictory results. Additionally, some policies to reduce sugar or fat intake were not able to decrease the surge of obesity. This suggests that food intake is controlled by a physiological mechanism and that any behavioural change only leads to a short-term success. Several hypotheses have been postulated, and many of them have been rejected due to some limitations and exceptions. The present review aims at presenting a new theory behind the regulation of energy intake, therefore providing an eye-opening field for energy balance and a potential strategy for obesity management.

ASHA Convention 2013

ASHA Leader ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 46-48
Keyword(s):  
Ice Cream ◽  
Annual Convention ◽  
The City ◽  
Rich History

This year's Annual Convention features some sweet new twists like ice cream and free wi-fi. But it also draws on a rich history as it returns to Chicago, the city where the association's seeds were planted way back in 1930. Read on through our special convention section for a full flavor of can't-miss events, helpful tips, and speakers who remind why you do what you do.

Modifications in food intake, leptin and CCK postprandial levels after Gastric Banding for morbid obesity

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A209-A209
Author(s):  
M LUCA ◽  
E CERVELLIN ◽  
F GALEAZZI ◽  
D LANARO ◽  
L BUSETTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morbid Obesity ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Gastric Banding
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