Social structure of Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus) at the Azores: a stratified community based on highly associated social units

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Hartman ◽  
F. Visser ◽  
A. J.E. Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Site Fidelity ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Grampus Griseus ◽  
The Social ◽  
Risso's Dolphin ◽  
Social Units ◽  
First Time

In this study, we present for the first time a model for the social structure of Risso’s dolphins ( Grampus griseus Cuvier, 1812). Over the period 2004–2006, 1028 Risso’s dolphins were identified at Pico island, Azores. Individuals sighted on 10 or more occasions were included in the analysis of social structure (n = 183). High resighting rates indicate strong site fidelity for at least part of the population. We found that individuals form stable, long-term bonds organised in pairs or in clusters of 3–12 individuals. Social structure is stratified based on age and sex classes, with strong associations between adult males and between adult females. We suggest that clusters form the basic units of Risso’s dolphin society. Thirteen pods consisting solely of adults, likely males, and 3 pods consisting of mother–calf pairs were identified. Males are organised in stable, long-term associations of varying size that occur throughout the complete range of behavioural states observed. For females, associations can be of similar strength, but the time scale may vary depending on the presence of nursing calves. As subadults, associations also occur (pair formation), but are less stable than those observed for adults. We propose a new model for Risso’s dolphin societies known as a stratified social organisation, which differs from the fission–fusion and matrilineal society models.

scholarly journals Sightings of risso’s dolphin (grampus griseus) off the Southern coast of Linosa island (South-Central Mediterranean Sea)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
VALENTINA CORRIAS ◽  
FRANCESCO FILICIOTTO ◽  
FABIO GIARDINA
Keyword(s):  
Site Fidelity ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Grampus Griseus ◽  
Strait Of Sicily ◽  
South Central ◽  
Risso's Dolphin ◽  
A Site ◽  
First Time

Risso’s dolphin distribution, habitat preferences, and site fidelity in the Strait of Sicily are very little known. During three summer seasons of sea surveys, we sighted this species offshore Linosa island in groups of variable numbers of individuals (2-20 with an average of 9.7 ± 7.0 SD). Sightings were located in a small area showing medium depth (average 591 m) and bathymetric features that usually correspond with known habitat preferences of the species. A total of 32 individuals belonging to 4 age classes were photo-identified and 8 of them were re-sighted once over years. This work illustrates for the first time, the presence of the species in the studied area and the results seem to indicate a site fidelity over years. 

Time-Budgets of Camargue Horses Ii. Time-Budgets of Adult Horses and Weaned Sub-Adults

Behaviour ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 72 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 26-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social System ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Young Horses

AbstractTime-budgets of adult and weaned sub-adult horses were studied in a small population of Camargue horses living in semi-liberty. The categories of activities used were: Standing resting, Lying flat, Lying up, Standing alert, Walking, Trotting, Galloping, Rolling and Foraging. The main differences in time-budgets were related to age and to sex : young horses spent more time lying (sleeping), males spent more time standing alert and in rapid movements (trot, gallop), while usually foraging less than did the adult females. During the three years of the study the population increased from 20 to 54 horses and there were considerable changes in social structure as the number of adult males increased. Associated with these developments there were some changes between years in the time-budgets: the most striking of which was a general trend for all horses to spend less time lying. Nonetheless the time-budgets showed a considerable constancy across years and age/sex-classes, especially with regard to time spent foraging. This conclusion may provide a clue as to why horses have an unusual social system based on long term relationships between a male and the females of his harem.

scholarly journals Social survival: humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) use social structure to partition ecological niches within proposed critical habitat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janie Wray ◽  
Eric Keen ◽  
Éadin N. O’Mahony
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
Megaptera Novaeangliae ◽  
Humpback Whales ◽  
Baleen Whales ◽  
Fjord System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Niche

ABSTRACTAnimal culture and social bonds are relevant to wildlife conservation because they influence patterns of geography, behavior, and strategies of survival. Numerous examples of socially-driven habitat partitioning and ecological-niche specialization can be found among vertebrates, including toothed whales. But such social-ecological dynamics, described here as ‘social niche partitioning’, are not known among baleen whales, whose societies -- particularly on foraging grounds -- are largely perceived as unstructured and incidental to matters of habitat use and conservation. However, through 16 years of behavioral and photo-identification observations of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) feeding within a fjord system in British Columbia, Canada, we have documented long-term pair bonds (lasting up to 12 years) as well as a complex societal structure, which corresponds closely to persistent patterns in feeding strategy, long-term site fidelity (extended seasonal occupancy and annual rate of return up to 75%), specific geographic preferences within the fjord system, and other forms of habitat use. Randomization tests of network congruency and clustering algorithms were used to test for overlap in patterns of social structure and habitat use, which confirmed the occurrence of social niche partitioning on the feeding grounds of this baleen whale. In addition, we document the extensive practice of group bubble net feeding in Pacific Canada. This coordinated feeding behavior was found to strongly mediate the social structure and habitat use within this humpback whale society. Additionally, during our 2004 – 2019 study, we observed a shift in social network structure in 2010 – 2012, which corresponded with environmental and demographic shifts including a sudden decline in the population’s calving rate. Our findings indicate that the social lives of humpback whales, and perhaps baleen whales generally, are more complex than previously supposed and should be a primary consideration in the assessment of potential impacts to important habitat.

scholarly journals Long term analysis of social structure: evidence of age-based consistent associations in Alpine ibex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Brambilla ◽  
Achaz von Hardenberg ◽  
Cédric Sueur ◽  
Claudia Canedoli ◽  
Christina R Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Centrality Measures ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Alpine Ibex ◽  
Social Network Dynamics ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Term Analysis

ABSTRACTDespite its recognized importance for understanding the evolution of animal sociality as well as for conservation, long term analysis of social networks of animal populations is still relatively uncommon. We investigated social network dynamics in males of a gregarious mountain ungulate (Alpine ibex, Capra ibex) over ten years focusing on groups, sub-groups and individuals, exploring the dynamics of sociality over different scales. Despite the social structure changing between seasons, the Alpine ibex population was highly cohesive: fission-fusion dynamics lead almost every male in the population to associate with each other male at least once. Nevertheless, we found that male Alpine ibex showed preferential associations that were maintained across seasons and years. Age seemed to be the most important factor driving preferential associations while other characteristics, such as social status, appeared less crucial. We also found that centrality measures were influenced by age and were also related to individual physical condition. The multi-scale and long-term frame of our study helped us show that ecological constrains, such as resource availability, may play a role in shaping associations in a gregarious species, but they cannot solely explain sociality and preferential association that are likely also to be driven by life-history linked physiological and social needs. Our results highlight the importance of long-term studies based on individually recognizable subjects to help us build on our understanding of the evolution of animal sociality.

scholarly journals Strategic Alliances & Customer Impact: A Case Study Of Community Hospitals

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Helen McSweeney-Feld ◽  
Suzanne Discenza ◽  
George L. De Feis
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Strategic Alliance ◽  
Font Size ◽  
The Social ◽  
Formal Relationship ◽  
Alliance Partners ◽  
The Relationship

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;" lang="EN"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">A s<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">trategic alliance</span> (SA) is a mutually beneficial long-term formal relationship formed between two or more parties to pursue a set of agreed upon goals or to meet a critical business need while remaining independent organizations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>It is a synergistic arrangement whereby two or more organizations agree to cooperate in the carrying out of a business activity where each brings different strengths and capabilities to the arrangement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The social structure of alliances has been considered previously (Gulati 1995, et al.), so instead of discussing the social structure relative to alliance partners, this paper looks at the relationship between the dyad alliance entity and its customer(s).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This newer aspect is particularly important when there are differences in trust and culture to consider (Das &amp; Teng 1998) between alliance partners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Other considerations include authority, governance and structure, conflict, and the make-up of the strategic alliance, its partners, and the customer(s).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"></span></p>

scholarly journals Daouidi v Bootes Plus SL and the Concept of ‘Disability’ in EU Anti-Discrimination Law

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delia Ferri
Keyword(s):  
Medical Model ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Social Model Of Disability ◽  
Attitudinal Barriers ◽  
Direct Discrimination ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time

Daouidi v Bootes Plus SL is one the latest decisions in which the CJEU has been directly confronted with the concept of disability in the realm of EU anti-discrimination legislation. In particular, in this judgment, the Court attempted to identify when the dismissal of a worker due to temporary incapacity of an unknown duration may constitute direct discrimination on the grounds of disability. This decision appears to be significant in that, for the first time, the CJEU discusses the meaning of ‘long-term limitation’ for the purpose of Directive 2000/78. Although the Court treads carefully, it attempts to further elucidate and bring new elements to the definition of disability in EU anti-discrimination law. In spite of the fact that the Court is potentially widening the notion of disability, it appears, once again, quite reticent in its approach to the role of social, environmental and attitudinal barriers in disabling an individual, and remains somewhat ‘trapped’ in the medical model of disability. All in all, this analysis endeavors to highlight that the CJEU is struggling to move beyond a rhetorical recognition of the social model of disability and to apply this in practice.

scholarly journals A diversity of patterns: 10-year trajectories of men and women diagnosed with psychosis for the first time. A time-geographic approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-298
Author(s):  
Gunnel Andersson ◽  
Katerina Vrotsou ◽  
Anne Denhov ◽  
Alain Topor ◽  
Per Bülow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Western World ◽  
Community Based Interventions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Institutional Experience ◽  
Third Sphere ◽  
First Time

AbstractPeople with severe mental illness face a different ‘interventional’ landscape compared to some decades ago, when mental hospitals were dominant, in Sweden as well as in the rest of the Western world. The aim of the research reported in this article was to follow men and women diagnosed with psychosis for the first time over a 10-year period, and to explore what interventions they experienced. The interventions, here defined as “spheres”, were either community-based or institutional. A third sphere represents no interventions. Based on data from registers and using a time-geographic approach, the individuals were visualised as 10- year trajectories where their transitions between the different spheres were highlighted. The results show a great diversity of trajectories. Two main categories were detected: two-spheres (community-based and no interventions) and three-spheres (adding institutional interventions). One third of the population experienced only community-based interventions, with a higher proportion of men than women. Consequently, more women had institutional experience. Two sub-categories reveal trajectories not being in the interventional sphere in a stepwise manner before the 10th year, and long-term trajectories with interventions in the 10th year. The most common pattern was long-term trajectories, embracing about half of the population, while one-fifth left the institutional sphere before the 5th year.

Becoming a Merchant Adventurer

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-69
Author(s):  
Thomas Leng
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status

This chapter addresses recruitment to the Company of Merchant Adventurers, focusing on the institution of apprenticeship. As well as being the most common means to join the Company, apprenticeship was used to manage overseas trade, with apprentices commonly deployed as agents overseas. The chapter introduces the social settings of Company trade overseas—the mart towns—and their place in the merchant life-cycle. It considers the opportunities and challenges facing aspiring Merchant Adventurers in the mart towns as they sought to assume the status of independent merchant in their own households. It also identifies significant changes in the social structure of the mart towns, associated with rising numbers of long-term residents, which had the potential to divide the Company’s different residences in England and overseas.

Why the new orange juice consumption model favors global trade and growth in orange production

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (9) ◽  
pp. 1954-1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Allegra ◽  
Carla Zarbà ◽  
Giovanni La Via ◽  
Alfonso Silvio Zarbà
Keyword(s):  
Orange Juice ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Export Competitiveness ◽  
Juice Concentrate ◽  
First Time ◽  
Global Growth

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze international orange trade as different types of orange juice seem to obtain the favor of newer food consumption patterns as opposed to fresh oranges. In addition, the authors will outline market tendencies that could be useful to stakeholders interested in any way in the sector. Design/methodology/approach This document uses the Lafay index (LFI) in order to evaluate the intra-sectoral trade specialization; however, the social network analysis (SNA) approach is used to connect the international trade relations and to refine, classify and prioritize the countries having a central role in the orange juice world trade network. For both indexes, UNCOMTRADE has been used. Findings The findings show that the growing orange juice trade is the leading global growth factor as opposed to the sale of fresh oranges. It appears that major trade revenues come from orange juice concentrate (Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice (FCOJ)). Business takes place mostly in Europe. Originality/value This study shows for the first time that the current orange juice export competitiveness is crucial to the long-term survival of the orange sector. This study valuably contributes to the less known literature regarding FCOJ and Not From Concentrate orange juice trade relevance.

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