Mitochondrial DNA variation in water shrews (Sorex palustris, Sorex bendirii) from western North America: implications for taxonomy and phylogeography

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 1469-1475 ◽  
Author(s):  
M B O'Neill ◽  
D W Nagorsen ◽  
R J Baker
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
North America ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Cytb Sequence ◽  
Dna Variation ◽  
Late Pliocene ◽  
Postglacial Colonization

Inter- and intra-specific variations in cytochrome b (Cytb) sequence were assessed in 22 specimens of Sorex palustris Richardson, 1828 and 6 specimens of Sorex bendirii (Merriam, 1884) from 20 locations in western North America. Phylogenetic analyses revealed three distinct clades: Boreal (S. p. palustris), Cordilleran (S. p. brooksi, S. p. navigator), and Coastal (S. b. palmeri, S. b. bendirii). Sequence divergence between the Boreal and the Coastal–Cordilleran lineages was 6.9%, while the divergence between the Coastal and the Cordilleran clades was 3.1%. Sorex palustris brooksi, a subspecies endemic to Vancouver Island, showed minor divergence from mainland samples of S. p. navigator. The results suggest that S. palustris may consist of two species: a boreal eastern form (S. palustris) and a Cordilleran form (S. navigator). The taxonomic validity of S. p. brooksi is unresolved. Distribution of the three clades are consistent with vicariance and isolation in coastal, Cordilleran, and eastern refugia in the Late Pliocene or Pleistocene. The Vancouver Island subspecies S. p. brooksi is probably derived from postglacial colonization in the Late Pleistocene.

Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (Ursus)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 2985-2992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Cronin ◽  
Steven C. Amstrup ◽  
Gerald W. Garner ◽  
Ernest R. Vyse
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
North American ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
Brown Bears ◽  
Dna Variation ◽  
Base Substitutions

We assessed mitochondrial DNA variation in North American black bears (Ursus americanus), brown bears (Ursus arctos), and polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Divergent mitochondrial DNA haplotypes (0.05 base substitutions per nucleotide) were identified in populations of black bears from Montana and Oregon. In contrast, very similar haplotypes occur in black bears across North America. This discordance of haplotype phylogeny and geographic distribution indicates that there has been maintenance of polymorphism and considerable gene flow throughout the history of the species. Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in brown bears and polar bears is lower than in black bears. The two morphological forms of U. arctos, grizzly and coastal brown bears, are not in distinct mtDNA lineages. Interspecific comparisons indicate that brown bears and polar bears share similar mitochondrial DNA (0.023 base substitutions per nucleotide) which is quite divergent (0.078 base substitutions per nucleotide) from that of black bears. High mitochondrial DNA divergence within black bears and paraphyletic relationships of brown and polar bear mitochondrial DNA indicate that intraspecific variation across species' ranges should be considered in phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial DNA Variation and Evolution of Japanese Black Cattle (Bos taurus)

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 150 (3) ◽  
pp. 1169-1175
Author(s):  
H Mannen ◽  
S Tsuji ◽  
R T Loftus ◽  
D G Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Japanese Black Cattle ◽  
Dna Variation ◽  
North East ◽  
Domestication Process ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Dense Tree

Abstract This article describes complete mitochondrial DNA displacement loop sequences from 32 Japanese Black cattle and the analysis of these data in conjunction with previously published sequences from African, European, and Indian subjects. The origins of North East Asian domesticated cattle are unclear. The earliest domestic cattle in the region were Bos taurus and may have been domesticated from local wild cattle (aurochsen; B. primigenius), or perhaps had an origin in migrants from the early domestic center of the Near East. In phylogenetic analyses, taurine sequences form a dense tree with a center consisting of intermingled European and Japanese sequences with one group of Japanese and another of all African sequences, each forming distinct clusters at extremes of the phylogeny. This topology and calibrated levels of sequence divergence suggest that the clusters may represent three different strains of ancestral aurochs, adopted at geographically and temporally separate stages of the domestication process. Unlike Africa, half of Japanese cattle sequences are topologically intermingled with the European variants. This suggests an interchange of variants that may be ancient, perhaps a legacy of the first introduction of domesticates to East Asia.

scholarly journals Low Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Double-crested Cormorants in Eastern North America

Waterbirds ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliann L. Waits ◽  
Michael L. Avery ◽  
Mark E. Tobin ◽  
Paul L. Leberg
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
North America ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Dna Variation

scholarly journals Cranial anatomy of Allosaurus jimmadseni, a new species from the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e7803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Chure ◽  
Mark A. Loewen
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Morrison Formation ◽  
Ventral Margin ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Theropod Dinosaur ◽  
Theropod Dinosaurs ◽  
A New Species

Allosaurus is one of the best known theropod dinosaurs from the Jurassic and a crucial taxon in phylogenetic analyses. On the basis of an in-depth, firsthand study of the bulk of Allosaurus specimens housed in North American institutions, we describe here a new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Western North America, Allosaurus jimmadseni sp. nov., based upon a remarkably complete articulated skeleton and skull and a second specimen with an articulated skull and associated skeleton. The present study also assigns several other specimens to this new species, Allosaurus jimmadseni, which is characterized by a number of autapomorphies present on the dermal skull roof and additional characters present in the postcrania. In particular, whereas the ventral margin of the jugal of Allosaurus fragilis has pronounced sigmoidal convexity, the ventral margin is virtually straight in Allosaurus jimmadseni. The paired nasals of Allosaurus jimmadseni possess bilateral, blade-like crests along the lateral margin, forming a pronounced nasolacrimal crest that is absent in Allosaurus fragilis.

Morphological and genetic concordance of cutthroat trout diversification from western North America

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest R Keeley ◽  
Janet L Loxterman ◽  
Sammy L Matsaw ◽  
Zacharia M Njoroge ◽  
Meredith B Seiler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Phenotypic Variability ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Morphological Comparison ◽  
Oncorhynchus Clarkii ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Mtdna Sequence

The cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii (Richardson, 1836), is one of the most widely distributed species of freshwater fish in western North America. Occupying a diverse range of habitats, they exhibit significant phenotypic variability that is often recognized by intraspecific taxonomy. Recent molecular phylogenies have described phylogenetic diversification across cutthroat trout populations, but no study has provided a range-wide morphological comparison of taxonomic divisions. In this study, we used linear and geometric-based morphometrics to determine if phylogenetic and subspecies divisions correspond to morphological variation in cutthroat trout, using replicate populations from throughout the geographic range of the species. Our data indicate significant morphological divergence of intraspecific categories in some, but not all, cutthroat trout subspecies. We also compare morphological distance measures with distance measures of mtDNA sequence divergence. DNA sequence divergence was positively correlated with morphological distance measures, indicating that morphologically more similar subspecies have lower sequence divergence in comparison to morphologically distant subspecies. Given these results, integrating both approaches to describing intraspecific variation may be necessary for developing a comprehensive conservation plan in wide-ranging species.

Notes on Polychaeta from the East Coast of Vancouver Island and from Adjacent Waters, with a Description of a New Species of Aricidea

1956 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Berkeley ◽  
C. Berkeley
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Western North America ◽  
A New Species

Records are given of two species and a variety new to western Canada and notes on three other species already known from the region. A new species, Aricidea lopezi, and four species new to western North America, are described from the neighbourhood of Friday Harbour, Washington.

scholarly journals Stable isotopic evidence of El Niño-like atmospheric circulation in the Pliocene western United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 903-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Winnick ◽  
J. M. Welker ◽  
C. P. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Storm Track ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Late Pliocene ◽  
Future Warming ◽  
Isotopic Anomalies

Abstract. Understanding how the hydrologic cycle has responded to warmer global temperatures in the past is especially important today as concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere continue to increase due to human activities. The Pliocene offers an ideal window into a climate system that has equilibrated with current atmospheric pCO2. During the Pliocene the western United States was wetter than modern, an observation at odds with our current understanding of future warming scenarios, which involve the expansion and poleward migration of the subtropical dry zone. Here we compare Pliocene oxygen isotope profiles of pedogenic carbonates across the western US to modern isotopic anomalies in precipitation between phases of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). We find that when accounting for seasonality of carbonate formation, isotopic changes through the late Pliocene match modern precipitation isotopic anomalies in El Niño years. Furthermore, isotopic shifts through the late Pliocene mirror changes through the early Pleistocene, which likely represents the southward migration of the westerly storm track caused by growth of the Laurentide ice sheet. We propose that the westerly storm track migrated northward through the late Pliocene with the development of the modern cold tongue in the east equatorial Pacific, then returned southward with widespread glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere – a scenario supported by terrestrial climate proxies across the US. Together these data support the proposed existence of background El Niño-like conditions in western North America during the warm Pliocene. If the earth behaves similarly with future warming, this observation has important implications with regard to the amount and distribution of precipitation in western North America.

North American earthworms native to Vancouver Island and the Olympic Peninsula

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 1325-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy McKey-Fender ◽  
William M. Fender ◽  
Valin G. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Olympic Peninsula ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Western Washington

The following native earthworms from the spruce-hemlock forest region of western North America are described: Lumbricidae: Bimastos lawrenceae Fender, n.sp. from Vancouver Island; Megascolecidae: five new species of Arctiostrotus McKey-Fender, 1982, including A. vancouverensis McKey-Fender, n.sp. from Vancouver Island and the Olympic Peninsula, A. pluvialis McKey-Fender, n.sp. and A. adunatus McKey-Fender, n.sp. from the Olympic Peninsula, A. fontinalis McKey-Fender, n.sp. from northwestern Oregon and western Washington, and A. johnsoni McKey-Fender, n.sp. from western Washington. The known species A. perrieri (Benham, 1892) and A. altmani (Gates, 1942) are redescribed, as is the Vancouver Island population of Toutellus oregonensis (Smith, 1937). Ecology, biology, and references to some associated biota and a key are included.

Allozyme and Mitochondrial DNA Variation among Three Species of Stizostedion (Percidae): Phylogenetic and Zoogeographical Implications

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1093-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Billington ◽  
Paul D. N. Hebert ◽  
Robert D. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
North America ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
Before Present ◽  
Allozyme Data ◽  
Dna Variation ◽  
The North

The percid genus Stizostedion consists of five species, three in Europe and two in North America, and is believed to have evolved in Europe and then later colonized North America. Three hypotheses exist concerning the route and timing of this colonization: a Miocene Atlantic "riverine" route; a Pliocene Beringian route; and a late-Pleistocene Atlantic route. To test these hypotheses, allozyme and mitochondrial DNA variation were compared in three Stizostedion species, S. canadense and S. vitreum from North America, and S. lucioperca from Europe, to determine their genetic relatedness. Divergence times between S. canadense and S. vitreum were estimated as 3.12 ± 1.33 million years before present (MYBP) from allozyme data and 4.06 ± 0.73 MYBP for mtDNA data, while divergence times between the North American species and S. lucioperca were 10.59 ± 2.74 MYBP and 7.86 ± 1.18 MYBP, respectively. These results are concordant with the hypothesis that colonization of North America by Stizostedion occurred during the Pliocene via Beringia.

scholarly journals A new species of Cybaeus L. Koch, 1868 (Araneae, Cybaeidae) with simple genitalia from central Japan is the sister species of C. melanoparvus Kobayashi, 2006 with elongated genitalia

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-233
Author(s):  
Yusuke Sugawara ◽  
Yoh Ihara ◽  
Takafumi Nakano
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Lateral Surface ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Sister Species ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Central Japan ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
A New Species

Spiders of the genus Cybaeus L. Koch, 1868 exhibit two major centers of diversity: Western North America and Japan. Several Japanese Cybaeus possess an elongated embolus in the male palp and elongated tubular spermathecae in the female genitalia. Here we describe Cybaeus koikeisp. nov. from central Honshu, Japan, which has an unelongated embolus and bulbous spermathecae. Phylogenetic analyses using nuclear and mitochondrial gene markers clearly support the monophyly of C. koikeisp. nov. and Cybaeus melanoparvus Kobayashi, 2006, a species with elongated genitalia. Both species share a similar habitus and a cluster of robust setae on the lateral surface of the male palpal patella. The latter is considered a synapomorphy for C. koikeisp. nov. and C. melanoparvus. A supplementary description of the spermathecae of C. melanoparvus is also provided.

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