scholarly journals Mild energy restriction alters mouse–nematode transmission dynamics in free-running indoor arenas

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
M E Scott ◽  
O K Dare ◽  
T Tu ◽  
K G Koski
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Cd1 Mice ◽  
Nematode Transmission

Energy restriction reduces Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Dujardin, 1845) (Nematoda) infection by reducing transmission-related behaviours but prolongs parasite survival by suppressing immune responses in individually housed mice. To determine the relative importance of these two processes in accumulation of worms in mouse populations, 10 female CD1 mice were housed in each of eight indoor arenas with ad libitum access to either an energy-sufficient (ES) diet or an energy-restricted (ER) diet with 20% less metabolizable energy (four arenas per diet). After 3 weeks, H. polygyrus transmission was initiated by introducing larvae onto damp peat trays. Mice adapted to the ER diet through increased food intake and nesting and reduced overall activity; after 6 weeks, nutritional and immunological measures were comparable between diet groups. With continuing exposure to parasite larvae, mice in both ER and ES arenas developed resistance to the incoming larvae; however, mice in the ER arenas accumulated lower worm burdens than mice in the ES arenas despite their increased contact with peat. We suggest that the comparable immunocompetence of mice in the ER and ES arenas enabled the ER mice exposed to higher transmission rates to more rapidly reject the parasites, leading to lower final worm numbers, a pattern frequently observed in other helminth infections.

scholarly journals Comprehensive analysis of human hookworm secreted proteins using a proteogenomic approach

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Logan ◽  
SS Manda ◽  
YJ Choi ◽  
M Field ◽  
RM Eichenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Proteome Level ◽  
Host Parasite

SummaryThe human hookworm Necator americanus infects more than 400 million people worldwide, contributing substantially to the poverty in these regions. Adult stage N. americanus live in the small intestine of the human host where they inject excretory/secretory (ES) products into the mucosa. ES products have been characterized at the proteome level for a number of animal hookworm species, but until now, the difficulty in obtaining sufficient live N. americanus has been an obstacle in characterizing the secretome of this important human pathogen. Herein we describe the ES proteome of N. americanus and utilize this information to conduct the first proteogenomic analysis of a parasitic helminth, significantly improving the available genome and thereby generating a robust description of the parasite secretome. The genome annotation resulted in a a revised prediction of 3,425 fewer genes than initially reported, accompanied by a significant increase in the number of exons and introns, total gene length and the percentage of the genome covered by genes. Almost 200 ES proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS with SCP/TAPS proteins, ‘hypothetical’ proteins and proteases among the most abundant families. These proteins were compared to commonly used model species of human parasitic infections, including Ancylostoma caninum, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Our findings provide valuable information on important families of proteins with both known and unknown functions that could be instrumental in host-parasite interactions, including protein families that might be key for parasite survival in the onslaught of robust immune responses, as well as vaccine and drug targets.

scholarly journals Effect of intensive treatment for schistosomiasis on immune responses to vaccines among rural Ugandan island adolescents: randomised controlled trial protocol A for the ‘POPulation differences in VACcine responses’ (POPVAC) programme

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e040426
Author(s):  
Gyaviira Nkurunungi ◽  
Ludoviko Zirimenya ◽  
Jacent Nassuuna ◽  
Agnes Natukunda ◽  
Prossy N Kabuubi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
Vaccine Response ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Randomised Controlled

IntroductionSeveral licensed and investigational vaccines have lower efficacy, and induce impaired immune responses, in low-income versus high-income countries and in rural, versus urban, settings. Understanding these population differences is essential to optimising vaccine effectiveness in the tropics. We suggest that repeated exposure to and immunomodulation by chronic helminth infections partly explains population differences in vaccine response.Methods and analysisWe have designed an individually randomised, parallel group trial of intensive versus standard praziquantel (PZQ) intervention against schistosomiasis, to determine effects on vaccine response outcomes among school-going adolescents (9–17 years) from rural Schistosoma mansoni-endemic Ugandan islands. Vaccines to be studied comprise BCG on day ‘zero’; yellow fever, oral typhoid and human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines at week 4; and HPV and tetanus/diphtheria booster vaccine at week 28. The intensive arm will receive PZQ doses three times, each 2 weeks apart, before BCG immunisation, followed by a dose at week 8 and quarterly thereafter. The standard arm will receive PZQ at week 8 and 52. We expect to enrol 480 participants, with 80% infected with S. mansoni at the outset.Primary outcomes are BCG-specific interferon-γ ELISpot responses 8 weeks after BCG immunisation and for other vaccines, antibody responses to key vaccine antigens at 4 weeks after immunisation. Secondary analyses will determine the effects of intensive anthelminthic treatment on correlates of protective immunity, on waning of vaccine response, on priming versus boosting immunisations and on S. mansoni infection status and intensity. Exploratory immunology assays using archived samples will enable assessment of mechanistic links between helminths and vaccine responses.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been obtained from relevant ethics committes of Uganda and UK. Results will be shared with Uganda Ministry of Health, relevant district councils, community leaders and study participants. Further dissemination will be done through conference proceedings and publications.Trial registration numberISRCTN60517191.

Th2 Immune Responses in GATA-3-Transgenic Mice Infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus

2003 ◽  
Vol 131 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naohiro Watanabe ◽  
Hidekazu Tamauchi ◽  
Hideyuki Ozawa ◽  
Mamoru Ito ◽  
Zoltan Ovary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus

scholarly journals Human Cystic Echinococcosis: Old Problems and New Perspectives

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Siracusano ◽  
Antonella Teggi ◽  
Elena Ortona
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Human Cystic Echinococcosis

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread chronic endemic helminthic disease caused by infection with metacestodes of the tapewormEchinococcus granulosus. CE affects humans and has a worldwide prevalence of approximately six million. In this review, we discuss current findings in diagnosis and clinical management of CE and new concepts relating toE. granulosusmolecules that directly modulate the host immune responses favouring a strong anti-inflammatory response and perpetuating parasite survival in the host. New insights into the molecular biology ofE. granulosuswill improve considerably our knowledge of the disease and will provide new potential therapeutic applications to treat or prevent inflammatory immune-mediated disease.

Immune responses to fungal aeroallergen in Heligmosomoides polygyrus -infected mice vary by age

2017 ◽  
Vol 317 ◽  
pp. 26-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nopporn Apiwattanakul ◽  
Maneesha Palipane ◽  
Amali Eashani Samarasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus

scholarly journals Helminth Parasites Alter Protection againstPlasmodiumInfection

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor H. Salazar-Castañon ◽  
Martha Legorreta-Herrera ◽  
Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Parasite Density ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Helminthic Infections ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Type Response

More than one-third of the world’s population is infected with one or more helminthic parasites. Helminth infections are prevalent throughout tropical and subtropical regions where malaria pathogens are transmitted. Malaria is the most widespread and deadliest parasitic disease. The severity of the disease is strongly related to parasite density and the host’s immune responses. Furthermore, coinfections between both parasites occur frequently. However, little is known regarding how concomitant infection with helminths andPlasmodiumaffects the host’s immune response. Helminthic infections are frequently massive, chronic, and strong inductors of a Th2-type response. This implies that infection by such parasites could alter the host’s susceptibility to subsequent infections byPlasmodium. There are a number of reports on the interactions between helminths andPlasmodium; in some, the burden ofPlasmodiumparasites increased, but others reported a reduction in the parasite. This review focuses on explaining many of these discrepancies regarding helminth-Plasmodiumcoinfections in terms of the effects that helminths have on the immune system. In particular, it focuses on helminth-induced immunosuppression and the effects of cytokines controlling polarization toward the Th1 or Th2 arms of the immune response.

scholarly journals Macrophage Activation and Functions during Helminth Infection: Recent Advances from the Laboratory Mouse

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Rolot ◽  
Benjamin G. Dewals
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Laboratory Mouse ◽  
Alternative Activation ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Classically Activated Macrophages

Macrophages are highly plastic innate immune cells that adopt an important diversity of phenotypes in response to environmental cues. Helminth infections induce strong type 2 cell-mediated immune responses, characterized among other things by production of high levels of interleukin- (IL-) 4 and IL-13. Alternative activation of macrophages by IL-4 in vitro was described as an opposite phenotype of classically activated macrophages, but the in vivo reality is much more complex. Their exact activation state as well as the role of these cells and associated molecules in type 2 immune responses remains to be fully understood. We can take advantage of a variety of helminth models available, each of which have their own feature including life cycle, site of infection, or pathological mechanisms influencing macrophage biology. Here, we reviewed the recent advances from the laboratory mouse about macrophage origin, polarization, activation, and effector functions during parasitic helminth infection.

Comparisons of Heligmosomoides polygyrus primary infection in protein-deficient and well-nourished mice

Parasitology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Brailsford ◽  
C. J. Mapes
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Deficiency ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Severe Effect ◽  
Cd1 Mice ◽  
Amino Acid Levels ◽  
Splenic Atrophy ◽  
Deficient Mice

SUMMARYPrimary infections of Heligmosomoides polygyrus were studied in adult male CD1 mice fed on isoenergetic synthetic diets containing either 2% or 20% protein (casein). A slight reduction in food intake was observed during infection, and this was unaffected by diet. Protein deficiency was also found to have no effect upon worm establishment. Evidence was found, though, to suggest that the worms have a more severe effect upon the host in protein-deficient mice. Hypoalbuminaemia was observed due to diet and also infection, and this was synergistic. There was an increase in non-albumin plasma protein during infection which was not effected by diet. The circulating urea concentration was reduced during protein deficiency, as was the level of essential amino acids, but non-essential amino acid levels were raised. An increase in the levels of urea and essential amino acids was observed at day 4 of infection in mice on the 20% diet, but not on the 2% diet. Splenic atrophy occurred during infection, but the splanomegaly that occurred early during infection was proportionally greater in protein-deficient mice. These results are discussed in terms of the pathophysiology of both protein deficiency and infection, and comparisons are made with human malnutrition syndromes.

scholarly journals Interrelationships of Interferon and Immunity During Viral Infections

1970 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lowell A. Glasgow
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Interferon Responses

Interferon is one determinant of host resistance. The immune responses, cellular or humoral, are other components. Cell-mediated responses appear to be involved in host resistance to certain viral infections, particularly the herpesvirus group and vaccinia virus. It is suggested that immune and interferon responses may complement one another and contribute to host resistance. The relative importance of each component depends upon the virus-host interaction. Finally, evidence has been presented which suggests that production of interferon as a result of antigen-sensitized cell interaction may further link these two components of the host response.

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