scholarly journals Human Cystic Echinococcosis: Old Problems and New Perspectives

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Siracusano ◽  
Antonella Teggi ◽  
Elena Ortona
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Human Cystic Echinococcosis

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread chronic endemic helminthic disease caused by infection with metacestodes of the tapewormEchinococcus granulosus. CE affects humans and has a worldwide prevalence of approximately six million. In this review, we discuss current findings in diagnosis and clinical management of CE and new concepts relating toE. granulosusmolecules that directly modulate the host immune responses favouring a strong anti-inflammatory response and perpetuating parasite survival in the host. New insights into the molecular biology ofE. granulosuswill improve considerably our knowledge of the disease and will provide new potential therapeutic applications to treat or prevent inflammatory immune-mediated disease.

scholarly journals Inflammasomes inMycobacterium tuberculosis-Driven Immunity

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Wawrocki ◽  
Magdalena Druszczynska
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Multimeric Protein

The development of effective innate and subsequent adaptive host immune responses is highly dependent on the production of proinflammatory cytokines that increase the activity of immune cells. The key role in this process is played by inflammasomes, multimeric protein complexes serving as a platform for caspase-1, an enzyme responsible for proteolytic cleavage of IL-1βand IL-18 precursors. Inflammasome activation, which triggers the multifaceted activity of these two proinflammatory cytokines, is a prerequisite for developing an efficient inflammatory response against pathogenicMycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tb). This review focuses on the role of NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes inM.tb-driven immunity.

scholarly journals The Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE_PGRS Protein Family Acts as an Immunological Decoy to Subvert Host Immune Response

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Tarina Sharma ◽  
Anwar Alam ◽  
Aquib Ehtram ◽  
Anshu Rani ◽  
Sonam Grover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Intrinsically Disordered ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Latent Stage ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Critical Edge

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a successful pathogen that can reside within the alveolar macrophages of the host and can survive in a latent stage. The pathogen has evolved and developed multiple strategies to resist the host immune responses. M.tb escapes from host macrophage through evasion or subversion of immune effector functions. M.tb genome codes for PE/PPE/PE_PGRS proteins, which are intrinsically disordered, redundant and antigenic in nature. These proteins perform multiple functions that intensify the virulence competence of M.tb majorly by modulating immune responses, thereby affecting immune mediated clearance of the pathogen. The highly repetitive, redundant and antigenic nature of PE/PPE/PE_PGRS proteins provide a critical edge over other M.tb proteins in terms of imparting a higher level of virulence and also as a decoy molecule that masks the effect of effector molecules, thereby modulating immuno-surveillance. An understanding of how these proteins subvert the host immunological machinery may add to the current knowledge about M.tb virulence and pathogenesis. This can help in redirecting our strategies for tackling M.tb infections.

scholarly journals Fighting the Monster: Applying the Host Damage Framework to Human Central Nervous System Infections

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil A. Panackal ◽  
Kim C. Williamson ◽  
Diederik van de Beek ◽  
David R. Boulware ◽  
Peter R. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Microbial Pathogenesis ◽  
Central Nervous System Infections ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Damage Response

ABSTRACTThe host damage-response framework states that microbial pathogenesis is a product of microbial virulence factors and collateral damage from host immune responses. Immune-mediated host damage is particularly important within the size-restricted central nervous system (CNS), where immune responses may exacerbate cerebral edema and neurological damage, leading to coma and death. In this review, we compare human host and therapeutic responses in representative nonviral generalized CNS infections that induce archetypal host damage responses: cryptococcal menigoencephalitis and tuberculous meningitis in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected patients, pneumococcal meningitis, and cerebral malaria. Consideration of the underlying patterns of host responses provides critical insights into host damage and may suggest tailored adjunctive therapeutics to improve disease outcome.

scholarly journals The Crossroads of Glycoscience, Infection, and Immunology

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya R. McKitrick ◽  
Margaret E. Ackerman ◽  
Robert M. Anthony ◽  
Clay S. Bennett ◽  
Michael Demetriou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Mediators ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
And Function

Advances in experimental capabilities in the glycosciences offer expanding opportunities for discovery in the broad areas of immunology and microbiology. These two disciplines overlap when microbial infection stimulates host immune responses and glycan structures are central in the processes that occur during all such encounters. Microbial glycans mediate host-pathogen interactions by acting as surface receptors or ligands, functioning as virulence factors, impeding host immune responses, or playing other roles in the struggle between host and microbe. In the context of the host, glycosylation drives cell–cell interactions that initiate and regulate the host response and modulates the effects of antibodies and soluble immune mediators. This perspective reports on a workshop organized jointly by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research in May 2020. The conference addressed the use of emerging glycoscience tools and resources to advance investigation of glycans and their roles in microbe-host interactions, immune-mediated diseases, and immune cell recognition and function. Future discoveries in these areas will increase fundamental scientific understanding and have the potential to improve diagnosis and treatment of infections and immune dysregulation.

Glycans in the roles of parasitological diagnosis and host–parasite interplay

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 146 (10) ◽  
pp. 1217-1232
Author(s):  
Carolina De Marco Veríssimo ◽  
Carlos Graeff-Teixeira ◽  
Malcolm K. Jones ◽  
Alessandra L. Morassutti
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Complex Molecules ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Parasitological Diagnosis ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractThe investigation of the glycan repertoire of several organisms has revealed a wide variation in terms of structures and abundance of glycan moieties. Among the parasites, it is possible to observe different sets of glycoconjugates across taxa and developmental stages within a species. The presence of distinct glycoconjugates throughout the life cycle of a parasite could relate to the ability of that organism to adapt and survive in different hosts and environments. Carbohydrates on the surface, and in excretory-secretory products of parasites, play essential roles in host–parasite interactions. Carbohydrate portions of complex molecules of parasites stimulate and modulate host immune responses, mainly through interactions with specific receptors on the surface of dendritic cells, leading to the generation of a pattern of response that may benefit parasite survival. Available data reviewed here also show the frequent aspect of parasite immunomodulation of mammalian responses through specific glycan interactions, which ultimately makes these molecules promising in the fields of diagnostics and vaccinology.

scholarly journals Innate Immune Activation and Subversion of Mammalian Functions byLeishmaniaLipophosphoglycan

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis H. Franco ◽  
Stephen M. Beverley ◽  
Dario S. Zamboni
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Mammalian Infection

Leishmaniapromastigotes express several prominent glycoconjugates, either secreted or anchored to the parasite surface. Of these lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the most abundant, and along with other phosphoglycan-bearing molecules, plays important roles in parasite infectivity and pathogenesis in both the sand fly and the mammalian host. Besides its contribution for parasite survival in the sand fly vector, LPG is important for modulation the host immune responses to favor the establishment of mammalian infection. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of LPG inLeishmaniainfectivity, focusing on the interaction of LPG and innate immune cells and in the subversion of mammalian functions by this molecule.

scholarly journals Immunology and Immunodiagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis: An Update

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenbao Zhang ◽  
Hao Wen ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Renyong Lin ◽  
Donald P. McManus
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Recent Application ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
New Strategies

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by the larval cystic stage of the dog tapewormEchinococcus granulosus. This complex multicellular pathogen produces various antigens which modulate the host immune response and promote parasite survival and development. The recent application of modern molecular and immunological approaches has revealed novel insights on the nature of the immune responses generated during the course of a hydatid infection, although many aspects of theEchinococcus-host interplay remain unexplored. This paper summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the immunology and diagnosis of echinococcosis, indicates areas where information is lacking, and suggests possible new strategies to improve serodiagnosis for practical application.

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