Behavioural evidence for social units in long-finned pilot whales

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (8) ◽  
pp. 1327-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Andrea Ottensmeyer ◽  
Hal Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Permutation Testing ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Genetic Sampling ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fishery Data ◽  
Pilot Whales ◽  
Social Units ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Behavioural Evidence

In general, mammal species show geographic or social dispersal by one or both sexes. Long-term behavioural observations and genetic evidence have confirmed that fish-eating resident killer whales, Orcinus orca, are a rare exception. Female and male offspring travel with their mothers for their whole lives: this is natal group philopatry. It is suspected that pilot whales, Globicephala spp., also follow this social pattern, but longitudinal data on the social structure of live long-finned pilot whales, Globicephala melas, are rare. We observed G. melas through July and August of 1998–2000 off northern Nova Scotia, Canada. Estimated group sizes ranged from 2 to 135 (mean = 20, SD = 17, median = 15, n = 249). We distinguished 322 individuals on the basis of distinctive marks on the dorsal fin, with estimated mark rates of 0.336 (proportion) (SE = 0.041) and 0.352 (mean of estimates) (SE = 0.036). Permutation testing rejected the null hypothesis of random association between individuals (p < 0.0005). The best fit model of the standardized lagged association rate suggests short-term associations of individuals over hours to days and long-term associations with a subset of those individuals over years. When scaled according to mark rate, sets of long-term associates average approximately 11–12 individuals, a much lower estimate than that presented previously from drive-fishery data from the Faroe Islands. Genetic sampling of behaviourally studied individuals is recommended.

Nonrandom association patterns at northern long-eared bat maternity roosts

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
pp. 956-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin J. Garroway ◽  
Hugh G. Broders
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Association Rate ◽  
Association Index ◽  
The Social ◽  
Temporal Persistence ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Behavioural Evidence

Bats are among the most ecologically diverse mammalian orders. Most species live in groups for at least a portion of their life cycle and behavioural evidence suggests that individuals of many species live within complex nonrandomly assorting societies. However, rigorous quantitative characterizations of bat societies have been rare because of the difficulties inherent in studying these highly mobile, small, nocturnal animals. Here we use an automated monitoring system (PIT tags), telemetry, and recently developed analytical techniques to investigate the social organization (size, sexual composition, and spatiotemporal cohesion) and social structure (pattern of social interactions and relationships among individuals) of a colony of free-living northern long-eared bats, Myotis septentrionalis (Trouessart, 1897). Cluster analysis of HWI (half-weight association index) for all pairs and permutation tests indicate that colonies consist of multiple, nonrandomly assorting subgroups. A plot of the temporal persistence of relationships (standardized lagged association rate) showed that roosting groups dissociate over periods of approximately 10 days after which subsets of individuals remain associated throughout the summer roosting season. A model representing a two-levelled social structure of long-term (whole summer) and short-term (up to 10 days) acquaintances best fit the lagged association rate. Subgroups were most cohesive during the lactation period, but we found no evidence for the effects of minimum nightly temperature on subgroup cohesion.

The effects of endrin on Microtus and Peromyscus. I. Unenclosed field populations

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph D. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Control Plot ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Toxicological Effect ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Small Mammal Species ◽  
Stable Control ◽  
Better Than

Effects of endrin on unenclosed field populations of Microtus pennsylvanicus and Peromyscus maniculatus were investigated from June 1966 to October 1968. Adjacent 7-ac control and experimental plots were live-trapped each summer at regular intervals before and after a single endrin application of 8.0 oz per acre to the experimental plot.Immediate and significant postspray declines in Microtus numbers occurred on the experimental plot but no long-term toxicological effect was demonstrated. The experimental Microtus population rapidly recovered in numbers, eventually exceeded prespray numbers in 2 years, and exceeded corresponding control numbers in all 3 years. In 1966 and 1968, significantly more new Microtus were captured during postspray trapping on the experimental than on the control plot, and recruits survived significantly better than new individuals entering the more stable control population.It is suggested that reduction in numbers and the presumed decrease in intraspecific aggressive encounters disrupted the social structure to such an extent that normal regulation of numbers was no longer possible. The experimental Microtus population appears to have responded to endrin as it would to a local depopulation by removal trapping.Although Peromyscus were more abundant on the experimental than on the control plot before the first endrin application, their numbers were significantly reduced after spray in 1966 and never did recover. Recruitment by immigration or breeding did not occur and all individuals captured on the experimental plot in 1967 and 1968 remained there for only one trapping period. A long-term toxicological effect on Peromyscus was demonstrated, indicating a differential response of the two small mammal species to endrin.

Social structure of Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus) at the Azores: a stratified community based on highly associated social units

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Hartman ◽  
F. Visser ◽  
A. J.E. Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Site Fidelity ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Grampus Griseus ◽  
The Social ◽  
Risso's Dolphin ◽  
Social Units ◽  
First Time

In this study, we present for the first time a model for the social structure of Risso’s dolphins ( Grampus griseus Cuvier, 1812). Over the period 2004–2006, 1028 Risso’s dolphins were identified at Pico island, Azores. Individuals sighted on 10 or more occasions were included in the analysis of social structure (n = 183). High resighting rates indicate strong site fidelity for at least part of the population. We found that individuals form stable, long-term bonds organised in pairs or in clusters of 3–12 individuals. Social structure is stratified based on age and sex classes, with strong associations between adult males and between adult females. We suggest that clusters form the basic units of Risso’s dolphin society. Thirteen pods consisting solely of adults, likely males, and 3 pods consisting of mother–calf pairs were identified. Males are organised in stable, long-term associations of varying size that occur throughout the complete range of behavioural states observed. For females, associations can be of similar strength, but the time scale may vary depending on the presence of nursing calves. As subadults, associations also occur (pair formation), but are less stable than those observed for adults. We propose a new model for Risso’s dolphin societies known as a stratified social organisation, which differs from the fission–fusion and matrilineal society models.

Economic Development in 2006 and the Future of the Russian Economy: The Non-Resource-Based Sector Potential (The Economic Report of All-Russia Business Union “Delovaya Rossiya”)

2007 ◽  
pp. 27-45
Author(s):  
B. Titov ◽  
I. Pilipenko ◽  
A. Danilov-Danilyan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Economic Report ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Investment Capital ◽  
Export Industries ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth

The report considers how the state economic policy contributes to the national economic development in the midterm perspective. It analyzes main current economic problems of the Russian economy, i.e. low effectiveness of the social system, high dependence on export industries and natural resources, high monopolization and underdeveloped free market, as well as barriers that hinder non-recourse-based business development including high tax burden, skilled labor deficit and lack of investment capital. We propose a social-oriented market economy as the Russian economic model to achieve a sustainable economic growth in the long-term perspective. This model is based on people’s prosperity and therefore expanding domestic demand that stimulates the growth of domestic non-resource-based sector which in turn can accelerate annual GDP growth rates to 10-12%. To realize this model "Delovaya Rossiya" proposes a program that consists of a number of directions and key groups of measures covering priority national projects, tax, fiscal, monetary, innovative-industrial, trade and social policies.

Hydrogeological responses in tropical mountainous springs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Geochemical Composition ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Term Data

This study presents a hydrogeochemical analysis of spring responses (2013-2017) in the tropical mountainous region of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. The isotopic distribution of δ18O and δ2H in rainfall resulted in a highly significant meteoric water line: δ2H = 7.93×δ18O + 10.37 (r2=0.97). Rainfall isotope composition exhibited a strong dependent seasonality. The isotopic variation (δ18O) of two springs within the Barva aquifer was simulated using the FlowPC program to determine mean transit times (MTTs). Exponential-piston and dispersion distribution functions provided the best-fit to the observed isotopic composition at Flores and Sacramento springs, respectively. MTTs corresponded to 1.23±0.03 (Sacramento) and 1.42±0.04 (Flores) years. The greater MTT was represented by a homogeneous geochemical composition at Flores, whereas the smaller MTT at Sacramento is reflected in a more variable geochemical response. The results may be used to enhance modelling efforts in central Costa Rica, whereby scarcity of long-term data limits water resources management plans.

Threatening Conditions and Challenges in the Modern Living of the Old People in Republic of Macedonia

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Hava Rexhep
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Functional Dependency ◽  
Old People ◽  
Stomach Diseases ◽  
Social Challenge ◽  
The Social ◽  
Build System

The aging is not only a personal but also a social challenge from several aspects, several dimensions; a challenge aiming to build system approaches and solutions with a long term importance. Aims: the main aim of this research is to investigate the conditions and challenges in the modern living of the old people, primarily in terms of the social care. However, this research is concentrated on a big group of the population and their challenges are the most intensive in the modern living. The investigation of the conditions and challenges in the aging are basis and encouragement in realizing the progressive approaches in order to improve the modern living of the old people. The practical aim of the research is a deep investigation and finding important data, analyzing the basic indicators of the conditions, needs and challenges in order to facilitate the old population to get ready for the new life. Methods and techniques: Taking into consideration the complexity of the research problem, the basic methodological approach is performed dominantly by descriptive-analytical method. The basic instrument for getting data in the research is the questionnaire with leading interview for the old people. Results: The research showed that the old people over 70-79 years old in a bigger percentage manifested difficulties primarily related to the functional dependency, respectively 39,33 % of the participants in this category showed concern about some specific functional dependency from the offered categories. The percentage of the stomach diseases with 38,33 % is important, as well as the kidney diseases with 32,83% related to the total population and the category of the old people over 80. Conclusion: The old people very often accept the life as it is, often finding things fulfilled with tolerance and satisfaction. However the health problems of the old people are characterized with a dominant representation. The chronic diseases and the diseases characteristic for the aging are challenge in organizing adequate protection which addresses to taking appropriate regulations, programs and activities.

Heterogeneous Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19: Costs and Benefits

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D Mancini
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Mental Health Functioning ◽  
Health Functioning ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mental Health Costs ◽  
Long Term Impact

In this commentary, I argue that the mental health impact of COVID-19 will show substantial variation across individuals, contexts, and time. Further, one key contributor to this variation will be the proximal and long-term impact of COVID-19 on the social environment. In addition to the mental health costs of the pandemic, it is likely that a subset of people will experience improved social and mental health functioning.

Unmaking and Remaking the World in Long-Term Solitary Confinement

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Lisa Guenther
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Solitary Confinement ◽  
Hunger Strike ◽  
State Prison ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Collective Resistance ◽  
Civil Death

In The Body in Pain, Elaine Scarry analyzes the structure of torture as an unmaking of the world in which the tools that ought to support a person’s embodied capacities are used as weapons to break them down. The Security Housing Unit (SHU) of California’s Pelican Bay State Prison functions as a weaponized architecture of torture in precisely this sense; but in recent years, prisoners in the Pelican Bay Short Corridor have re-purposed this weaponized architecture as a tool for remaking the world through collective resistance. This resistance took the form of a hunger strike in which prisoners exposed themselves to the possibility of biological death in order to contest the social and civil death of solitary confinement. By collectively refusing food, and by articulating the meaning and motivation of this refusal in articles, interviews, artwork, and legal documents, prisoners reclaimed and expanded their perceptual, cognitive, and expressive capacities for world-making, even in a space of systematic torture.

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