scholarly journals Foraging behaviour by gray wolves on salmon streams in coastal British Columbia

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
C T Darimont ◽  
T E Reimchen ◽  
P C Paquet
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Foraging Ecology ◽  
Capture Rate ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Gray Wolves ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Spawning salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are important resources for terrestrial ecosystems and often shape the ecological strategies of organisms with which they co-evolve. Gray wolves (Canis lupus), primarily predators of ungulates, are sympatric with salmon over large areas, but the relationship between the two remains poorly understood. We report here observations of direct and indirect evidence of salmon predation by wolves in several watersheds of coastal British Columbia and in detail report on the foraging behaviour of four wolves at one river during September and October 2001. Wolves oriented themselves upstream during detection and pursuit of salmon. The pooled mean capture rate was 21.5 salmon/h and mean efficiency (successes/attempt) was 39.4%. In most cases, wolves consumed only heads of salmon, perhaps for nutritional reasons or parasite avoidance. Preying on salmon may be adaptive, as this nutritious and spatially constrained resource imposes lower risks of injury compared with hunting large mammals. We infer from capture rates and efficiencies, as well as stereotypical hunting and feeding behaviour, a history of salmon predation by wolves and, as a corollary, a broad distribution of this foraging ecology where wolves and salmon still co-exist.

scholarly journals Estimating the Number of Filled Seeds per Cone of Western Hemlock from Coastal British Columbia

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
M. D. Meagher
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
The Face ◽  
Predetermined Level ◽  
Exponential Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
Filled Seeds

Abstract Unopened western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) cones from coastal British Columbia were tested for the relationship between total filled seeds per cone and the number of sound seeds exposed by slicing through the center of the cone's long axis, and with cone length. Predictive linear relationships of total number of filled seeds per cone (TFS), based on number of filled seeds cut on the face through the cone's long axis (CC), were found in a cone sample bulked from a number of trees. The regression based on CC explained about 63% of the variation in TFS. More accurate estimates of TFS were found where cone length, and exponential factors of CC and cone length, were included in the analysis. Analyses of cones from seven parents did not find statistically significant trends of TFS on CC in all cases, and differed in slope in most cases. Sample sizes (cones) to estimate TFS to a predetermined level of precision were much larger than cones needed to accept or reject a tree for study. West. J. Appl. For. (11)2:44-49.

Alternative Conceptualizations of Dyslexia: Evidence in Support of a Verbal-Deficit Hypothesis

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Vellutino
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Order ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Reading Failure ◽  
Specific Reading Disability ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Specific Reading ◽  
History Of ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Verbal Functioning ◽  
The Relationship

The history of our knowledge about specific reading disability—dyslexia—is checkered with different hypotheses and theories. In this overview of the literature Frank Vellutino critically examines the foci of four prevalent explanations for reading failure in children: visual perception, intersensory integration, temporal–order perception, and verbal functioning. Applying findings from his own laboratory investigations and other selected research to each of the four hypotheses,Vellutino argues that the verbal-deficit hypothesis offers the most convincing explanation. Through the use of direct and indirect evidence Vellutino demonstrates the relationship between reading problems and dysfunction in the semantic, syntactic,or phonological aspects of language. Finally, Vellutino pursues the implications of his position and asserts that the linguistic problems of some poor readers necessitate an emphasis on the internal structure of words in learning to read.

Slow growth, long-lived trees, and minimal disturbance characterize the dynamics of an ancient, montane forest in coastal British Columbia

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 2826-2838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Parish ◽  
Joseph A Antos
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Seedling Bank ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
Level Disturbance

Elucidating the factors that structure very old forests is crucial to understanding their dynamics. We reconstructed the history of an ancient (1000-year-old) stand in the mountains of coastal British Columbia that contained four tree species (Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach., Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr., and Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in the canopy and the seedling bank. Using dendrochronological procedures, we examined the growth patterns of all trees (>4.0 cm diameter at breast height) in four 0.25 ha mapped plots. We also sampled the seedling bank in the four plots. Age structures indicated variable but rather continuous recruitment for all species. Periods of increased amounts of release or rapid early growth occurred but were not pronounced. Overall, we found little evidence for stand-level disturbance or the formation of large gaps. All four tree species appear able to persist in the stand in the absence of major stand-level disturbance, but the mechanisms contributing to coexistence differ. One species, C. nootkatensis, depends primarily on vegetative reproduction for persistence. Single-tree gap dynamics have predominated in the stand for centuries, placing this stand at the far end of the gradient from forests controlled by large, severe disturbances to those where very small-scale processes predominate.

EVALUATION OF METHODS OF EXTRACTING SOIL CATIONS FOR FOREST PRODUCTIVITY STUDIES IN SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. KLINKA ◽  
M. C. FELLER ◽  
A. KOZAK ◽  
L. M. LAVKULICH
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Forest Productivity ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Multiple Regression Technique ◽  
Cation Status ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

The NH4OAc pH 7 method has been used traditionally to assess the availability of cations in soils for tree growth in coastal British Columbia but there have been no attempts to assess the validity of the method for this purpose. This objective was accomplished by determining the quantities of extractable cations (K, Mg, and Ca) in 42 forest soils in the Coastal Western Hemlock Biogeoclimatic Zone of British Columbia using four different extraction methods. The methods used were the NH4OAc pH 7, NH4OAc pH 4.8, 10% HCl, and 1% citric acid methods. A stepwise elimination multiple-regression technique was used to test the relationship of extracted cations to forest productivity. The amounts of cations extracted by the NH4OAc method were well-correlated with those extracted by each of the other three methods. Of the cation quantities extracted, those of Ca were best, although still poorly correlated with productivity. Of the extraction methods, the NaOAc method yielded quantities most closely correlated with productivity and is recommended for use in assessing the cation status of forest soils in the Coastal Western Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone.

scholarly journals Early Ontogenetic Diet in Gray Wolves, Canis lupus, of Coastal British Columbia

2006 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. Bryan ◽  
Chris T. Darimont ◽  
Thomas E. Reimchen ◽  
Paul C. Paquet
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Gray Wolves ◽  
Parasitic Burden ◽  
Adult Diet ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Within populations, different age classes often consume dissimilar resources, and provisioning of juveniles by adults is one mechanism by which this can occur. Although the diet of Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) has been studied extensively, the diet of pups is largely unknown. We examined faeces deposited by altricial pups and adult providers during the first two months following birth at two den sites over two years on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada. Pups and adult wolves consumed similar species, and Black-tailed Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) constituted most of the diet for both age groups. Pup and adult diet, however, diverged. Specifically, adult deer occurred significantly less frequently in the diet of pups than in the diet of adult wolves, which suggests that adults selectively provisioned pups. We speculate that this may relate to adaptive strategies of adult wolves to provide their offspring with food of optimal nutritional value or reduced parasitic burden, and/or logistic factors associated with provisioning such as prey transportability and availability.

The Relation of Weather to Population Trends of the Black-headed Budworm Acleris variana (Fern.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Silver
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Population Trends ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Canal Area ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

The history of the black-headed budworm, Acleris variana (Fern.), in the western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) forests of coastal British Columbia is one of recurring cycles of outbreaks. The latest cycle occurred from 1952 to 1957 and was represented by three main outbreaks in the Portland Canal area from Prince Rupert to Stewart, the Queen Charlotte Islands, and on northern Vancouver Island. Previous to this, groups of West Coast outbreaks were recorded from 1940 to 1945, and from 1927 to 1931 (Prebble and Graham, 1945a).

“Welcome In, But Check Your Rights at the Door” : The James Bay and Nis[vBar ]ga'a Agreements in Canada

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rynard
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
James Bay ◽  
Aboriginal Rights ◽  
Treaty Negotiations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Significant Achievement ◽  
Final Agreement ◽  
The Relationship

The signing of the Nis[vBar ]ga'a Final Agreement in August of 1998 was an event of singular importance in the history of “First Nations relations” in Canada. It marked the completion of the first treaty negotiations in British Columbia in the twentieth century and will soon be followed by many others as nearly province–wide negotiations redefine the relationship between First Nations, the province and Canada. Given a political climate hostile to Aboriginal rights, the treaty is a significant achievement and deserves the support of fair–minded Canadians. It certainly does not “give too much” to the Nis[vBar ]ga'a Nation as its critics in the Liberal and Reform parties of British Columbia frequently assert.

Risk of invasive cervical cancer after pap smears: the protective effect of multiple negatives

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Coldman ◽  
Norm Phillips ◽  
Lisa Kan ◽  
Jasenka Matisic ◽  
Lou Benedet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
British Columbia ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽  
Interval Length ◽  
Pap Smears ◽  
Cytological Abnormality ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reduced Risk

Objective: To determine the relationship between the number of initial negative Pap smears and risk of subsequent cervical cancer. Design: A cohort study was conducted using data from the British Columbia Cervical Cancer Screening Program and British Columbia CancerRegistry. The analysis used a random sample (1%) of women aged 20–69 with Pap smears and all cases of invasive cervical cancer diagnosed between 1994 and 1999. Each negative screen defined the beginning of a screening interval and intervals longer than five years were truncated. Thefollowing variables were created for each interval: age at the beginning of the interval, interval length, previous cytological abnormality, previous cervical procedure and number of preceding consecutive negative screens. The relationship between these variables and risk of squamous cervicalcancer was determined using survival analysis methods. Results: A total of 388 cases of invasive cervical cancer (252 squamous) were included in the study from a study population of over 3.3 million Pap smears. The risk of invasive squamous cancer increased with time since the lastnegative screen, history of cytological abnormality and history of cervical therapeutic procedure. Risk was not significantly related to age ( P=0.2) but was highest in women aged 30–49. Multiple consecutive negative pap smears were associated with reduced risk in women with ahistory of moderate atypia ( P<0.0001), but not in women without a history ( P=0.4). Conclusions: Multiple consecutive negative cytology was not associated with reduced risk of invasive cervical cancer in women with no history of cytological abnormality.

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