Performance and maneuverability of three species of teleostean fishes

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 1866-1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W Webb ◽  
Antonia Gardiner Fairchild
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Median Fins ◽  
Pterophyllum Scalare

Whole-animal behavior and performance are assembled from functional capabilities that are dependent on morphology, such as body form and fin-distribution patterns. We compared hovering, median and paired fin (MPF), body and caudal fin (BCF), and burst-and-coast gaits and maneuvers permitted within these gaits, turning, backward swimming, and braking for three species: goldfish, Carassius auratus, silver dollar, Metynnis hypsauchen, and angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare. Goldfish have a fusiform body with a relatively small surface area and depth. Silver dollars and angelfish had larger areas and depths. The smaller surface area was expected to be associated with greater use and higher speeds in BCF swimming behaviors for goldfish but little support was found. Larger body depth was expected to be associated with higher turning rates and maneuverability of silver dollars versus goldfish, but data were again equivocal. Body depth may be more important in defense than in locomotion. Goldfish and silver dollars have ventral paired fins. Angelfish have more derived lateral pectoral fins, anterior pelvic fins, and larger median fins. This fin pattern was expected to be associated with greater use of MPF behaviors at higher speeds, and with greater maneuverability. Support for this expectation was found, but there were sufficient exceptions to indicate that other factors were important.

How do body and paired-fin positions affect the ability of three teleost fishes to maneuver around bends?

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy J Schrank ◽  
Paul W Webb ◽  
Sarah Mayberry
Keyword(s):  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Minimum Width ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Confined Spaces ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Pterophyllum Scalare ◽  
Deep Body ◽  
Silver Dollar

Deep-bodied fishes with an acanthopterygian fin distribution are traditionally considered more maneuverable than fishes with a fusiform body and less derived fin positions. One measure of fish maneuverability is the ability to make yawing turns. Goldfish (Carassius auratus), silver dollars (Metynnis hypsauchen), and angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) were induced to swim through narrow tubes bent at angles of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, and 180°. These three species represent a range of body form and fin position from goldfish (fusiform body and less derived ventral placement of the paired fins) through silver dollar (deep body and the same fin positions as goldfish) to the acanthopterygian angelfish (deep body and lateral pectoral fins). The minimum width of tubes through which the fish could pass a bend increased with angle for all species and among species in the order goldfish < silver dollar < angelfish. Goldfish were consistently faster than angelfish, reflecting the routine use of body and caudal fin swimming, while angelfish routinely used median- and paired-fin swimming. Greater body depth and anterolateral pectoral fin positions were not associated with greater maneuverability. Goldfish were most adept at making yawing turns in confined spaces and in such circumstances were most maneuverable.

scholarly journals Clinical evaluation of the Admiral 1.35m2 hollow-fibre membrane oxygenator

Perfusion ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Issitt ◽  
T Cumberland ◽  
A Clements ◽  
J Mulholland
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Hollow Fibre ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Pressure Drops ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Priming Volume ◽  
And Performance

This prospective study was designed to evaluate the fundamental clinical performance of a new, small surface area oxygenator. Data were collected from twenty patients undergoing first-time coronary artery bypass grafting using this device. This study focuses on how the reduction of surface area and prime volume affects the essential function of the oxygenator in terms of oxygenation efficiency, heat transference, membrane pressure drops, haemolysis and safety. Oxygenation efficiency was deemed to be well within acceptable margins, even at high flows, over a temperature range of 32-36°C. Heat-exchanger performance was assessed by recording the heater/chiller water temperature compared to retrospective data from a current standard oxygenator. Heater/chiller water temperatures were on average 0.3°C higher with the small surface oxygenator than the standard data. The air handling of the device was excellent and extremely safe. Haemolysis, measured as plasma free haemoglobin, did not increase during bypass (p>0.05). This new oxygenator offers a reduced surface area and priming volume while still ensuring an acceptable safety reserve and performance.

Thrust Production in Highly Flexible Pectoral Fins: A Computational Dissection

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivas Ramakrishnan ◽  
Meliha Bozkurttas ◽  
Rajat Mittal ◽  
George V. Lauder
Keyword(s):  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles ◽  
Underwater Vehicles ◽  
Bluegill Sunfish ◽  
Robust Performance ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Thrust Production ◽  
Computational Dissection

AbstractBluegill sunfish pectoral fins represent a remarkable success in evolutionary terms as a means of propulsion in challenging environments. Attempts to mimic their design in the context of autonomous underwater vehicles have overwhelmingly relied on the analysis of steady swimming. Experimental observations of maneuvers reveal that the kinematics of fin and wake dynamics exhibit characteristics that are distinctly different from steady swimming. We present a computational analysis that compares, qualitatively and quantitatively, the wake hydrodynamics and performance of the bluegill sunfish pectoral fin for two modes of swimming: steady swimming and a yaw turn maneuver. It is in this context that we comment on the role that flexibility plays in the success of the pectoral fin as a versatile propulsor. Specifically, we assess the performance of the fin by conducting a “virtual dissection” where only a portion of fin is retained. Approximately 90% of peak thrust for steady swimming is recovered using only the dorsal half. This figure drops to 70% for the yaw turn maneuver. Our findings suggest that designs based on fin analysis that account for various locomotion modes can lead to more robust performance than those based solely on steady swimming.

Comparative physiology of insect renal function

1981 ◽  
Vol 241 (5) ◽  
pp. R241-R257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Thick Ascending Limb ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Multiplier System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Glomerular Filtrate ◽  
Unit Body Weight ◽  
Anion Transfer

Transport mechanisms and their control in various segments of insect excretory systems are reviewed and compared to those of vertebrate nephrons, exocrine glands, and hindguts. Formation of the primary urine in most insect Malpighian tubules (MT) is by isosmotic secretion, which is driven by an apical cation (K+) pump rather than by Na+-K+-ATPase. Unlike the glomerular filtrate of vertebrates, insect MT fluid is very different from the blood in composition, often having very high K+-to-Na+ ratios, and urine-to-plasma values much less than unity for most other solutes. The total surface area of insect MT is some 20 times that of vertebrate glomeruli per unit body weight. Secretion of MT fluid is regulated by neuropeptides over a wide range of rats, similar to glomerular filtration rate values for many vertebrate kidneys. Several secretory mechanisms for selected solutes are probably common to insect and vertebrate tubules. Unlike vertebrates, insects usually reabsorb most of the filtered water, ions, and metabolites in the rectum, which has a small surface area relative to the MT. The rectum is also where ionic and osmotic composition of the excreta is finally adjusted, under the control of neuropeptide hormones. In the rectum, insect excreta can become as hyperosmotic as mammalian urine, even though a countercurrent multiplier system is not present. Active transport of Cl- predominates in both locust rectum and the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, but the characteristics of the anion transfer process are quite different in these two epithelia.xs

scholarly journals Isolation of Tetrahymena pyriformis From Several Infected Pet Fish Species And a Regime For Its Treatment

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-195
Author(s):  
Omar Bassim Ahmed Al- Tayyar
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Mucus Hypersecretion ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Poecilia Sphenops ◽  
Pterophyllum Scalare

Tetrahymena pyriformis has been firstly isolated from brood Goldfish(Carassius auratus) Common, Fantail, Ryukin, Veiltail and Moor, Black molly(Poecilia sphenops), Gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus), red Swordtail(Xiphophorus helleri), Guppy (Poecilia reticulata), deep Angelfish(Pterophyllum scalare) and brood Algae eater (Hypostomus plecostomus) inIraq. The infected fish suffered from mucus hypersecretion large hyperemicareas on the skin, and slight shedding of the scales. The incidence percentage ofinfection was 100 %. Rising water temperature was up to 29 – 30cْ for one timeand methylene blue was at a concentration of 5 ppm for 24 hours. Sodiumchloride at a concentration of 2 % for one minute and two minutes has noobvious effect on Tetrahymena pyriformis. Treatment with NaCl at theconcentration of 1% for 20 minutes for three consecutive days achieved the bestresults.

Quebecius quebecensis (Whiteaves), a porolepiform crossopterygian (Pisces) from the Late Devonian of Quebec, Canada

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 2351-2361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Peter Schultze ◽  
Marius Arsenault
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
Late Devonian ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Pectoral Fins ◽  
Median Fins ◽  
Pelvic Fin

Quebecius quebecensis (Whiteaves 1889) is a porolepiform crossopterygian related to Glyptolepis. A large nariodal, a large tabular, a separate intertemporal, and a large fused nasosupraorbital are features of Quebecius that characterize it as a porolepiform. The small size of the operculum, median extrascapular larger than the lateral one, small lower squamosals, and deep maxilla are additional features separating Quebecius from Glyptolepis. As in Glyptolepis, the median fins are not lobed. The pectoral fin possesses a long fleshy lobe. The internal, ventral side of the broadly based pelvic fin suggests that the internal axis has shifted towards the body. Pectoral fins with a long fleshy lobe are a common feature of porolepiforms, but lobed bases in the pelvic and unpaired fins are a feature found in Holoptychius, and not in Glyptolepis and Quebecius. Quebecius quebecensis is conspecific with Quebecius williamsi Schultze 1973, mistakenly described as an onychodont crossopterygian.

Characterisation of Low-K Dielectric Films by Ellipsometric Porosimetry

2000 ◽  
Vol 612 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Baklanov ◽  
K.P. Mogilnikov
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size Distribution ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Dielectric Films ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Ellipsometric Porosimetry ◽  
Low K

AbstractEllipsometric porosimetry (EP) is a simple and effective method for the characterization of the porosity (volume of both open and close pores), average pore size, specific surface area and pore size distribution (PSD) in thin porous films deposited on top of any smooth solid substrat e. Because a laser probe is used, small surface area can be analyzed. Therefore, EP can be used on patterned wafers and it is compatible with microelectronic technology. This method is a new version of adsorption (BET) porosimetry. In situ ellipsometry is used to determine the amount of adsorptive which adsorbed/condensed in the film. Change in refractive index is used to calculate of the quantity of adsorptive present in the film. EP also allows the study of thermal stability, adsorption and swelling properties of low-K dielectric films. Room temperature EP based on the adsorption of vapor of some suitable organic solvents and method of calculation of porosity and PSD is discussed. Examination of the validity of Gurvitsch rule for various organic adsorptives (toluene, heptane, carbon tetrachloride and isopropyl alcohol) has been carried out to assess the reliability of measurements of pore size distribution by the ellipsometric porosimetry.

scholarly journals Removal of Lead and Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on a Low-Cost Phragmites Biomass

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz N. Amro ◽  
Mohammad K. Abhary ◽  
Muhammad Mansoor Shaikh ◽  
Samah Ali
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Cadmium Ions ◽  
Lead And Cadmium

In recent years, the interest in waste water treatment increased to preserve the environment. The objective of this study is the removal of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solution by treated Phragmites biomass (TPB). TPB was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) which indicates the presence of functional groups that may be responsible of metal adsorption such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, sulfonate and carboxylate. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface area analysis using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (BET) illustrated that TPB is nonporous with a small surface area. The influences of various experimental factors were investigated; the proposed method recommended the extraction of Pb+2 and Cd+2 metal ions by TPB at pH 5.0. A contact time of 60 and 45 min was required for the adsorption 50 mL (50 ppm) Pb+2 and Cd+2 respectively to reach equilibrium when 0.10 g TPB was used. The optimum TPB dosage was 0.20 g for adsorption both metal ions when adsorbate solution was 50 mL (50 ppm). Particle sizes of 0.125–0.212 mm showed the best metal ion removal of both metal ions. Thermodynamic study illustrated that both metal ions correlate more with Langmuir isotherm. Furthermore, chemisorption of Pb+2 and Cd+2 on TPB was more likely according to kinetic study data.

scholarly journals Trends in the Design and Performance of Tantalum Capacitors

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Liquid Electrolyte ◽  
Tantalum Powder ◽  
Initial Particle ◽  
Final Surface ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Particle Shapes

This paper shows the type of development that has occurred over recent years in tantalum capacitors, with particular reference to the sintered tantalum powder – liquid electrolyte (wet Ta) system. In the ‘wet’ system, the various defects that arise, such as silver migration, scintillation and field crystallisation, are illustrated and the effect of improvement in initial particle shapes on final surface area is considered.

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