scholarly journals Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) behavioral response to simulated territorial intruders

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 931-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Rosell ◽  
Geir Johansen ◽  
Howard Parker
Keyword(s):  
Castor Fiber ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Dominance Status ◽  
Anal Gland Secretion ◽  
Territorial Defence ◽  
Stream Bank ◽  
Castor Sacs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Territorial Marking

Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) live in family groups that defend territories against other conspecifics. Part of this territorial defence involves constructing scent mounds near the stream bank within territories and marking them with castoreum, a urine-based fluid from the castor sacs, and (or) anal-gland secretion. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that Eurasian beavers show one or more forms of territorial behavior when an intruder, simulated in the form of experimental scent mounds (ESMs), has scent-marked inside the territory. We predicted that beavers would show a stronger response to ESMs with castoreum than to those without. Results showed that 85% of all beaver families (N = 20) made one or more behavioral responses to ESMs marked with castoreum from foreign adult males, whereas no ESMs presented without castoreum received a response. We therefore conclude that a main function of territorial marking by beavers is to advertise spatially related dominance status, thereby providing opportunities for intruders to assess the presence of the owner and reducing the cost and risks of agonistic conflict for both the owner and intruders. Additionally, it appears to be the scent emitted from an ESM and not the sight of it to which beavers respond.

scholarly journals MECHANISM OF REPRODUCING TECHNICAL RESOURCES OF ENTERPRISES IN THE PROCESS OF THEIR FUNCTIONING

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Bobrovska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Total Capital ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Additional Value ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cost Characteristics

The specific character of reproducing and maintaining the quality and productivity of technical resources is considered from the point of view of their economic essence and economic behavior in the production process. The views of domestic and foreign scientists are analyzed regarding the subject-functional and monetary definition of the enterprises’ capital, а part of which is the cost of technical resources. Understanding the properties of technical resources as a part of the enterprise total capital allowed identifying the basic statements. The relationship between the reproduction of technical resources and their total value in the process of functioning, namely the turnover and transition of their monetary equivalent to the material equivalent and vice versa has been shown. The steps of movement of the technical resources monetary equivalent are presented and considered in three stages: formation of the stage, at which the enterprise money capital is transformed into technical resources; the stage of technical resources production use and that of resources conversion into monetary form in the process of which the relationship between the state of technical resources capabilities and their cost characteristics changes. The character of economic transformations in the process of movement is described; the method of creating and adding cash flow formed by technical resource, to the money capital of the enterprise is considered. It has been proposed to use a linear rate depreciation accounting, from the beginning of the technical resources acquisition and throughout useful life using of the capital discount rate, in order to prevent partial loss of value of the initial capital invested in technical resources. It has been shown that the use of technical resources is expedient until the value of the monetary product is equal to their discounted price. The research pursued showed that for timely innovative reproduction of technical resources as part of the enterprise capital cost, these resources must perform the main function – that of forming additional value (additional profit).

scholarly journals Despotic aggression in pre-moulting painted buntings

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 191510
Author(s):  
Vanya G. Rohwer ◽  
Sievert Rohwer ◽  
John C. Wingfield
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Passerine Bird ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Territorial Defence ◽  
Painted Bunting ◽  
High Aggression ◽  
Limited Food ◽  
Ideal Despotic ◽  
Territorial Systems

Aggression in territorial social systems is easy to interpret because the benefits of territorial defence mostly accrue to the territorial holder. However, in non-territorial systems, high aggression seems puzzling and raises intriguing evolutionary questions. We describe extreme rates of despotism between age classes in a passerine bird, the painted bunting ( Passerina ciris ), during the pre-moulting period. Aggressive encounters were not associated with aggressors gaining immediate access to resources. Instead, conspecifics, and even other species, were pursued as though being harassed; this aggression generated an ideal despotic habitat distribution such that densities of adult males were higher in high-quality sites. Aggression was not a by-product of elevated testosterone carried over from the breeding season but, rather, appeared associated with dehydroepiandrosterone, a hormone that changes rates of aggression in non-breeding birds without generating the detrimental effects of high testosterone titres that control aggression in the breeding season. This extraordinary pre-moult aggression seems puzzling because individual buntings do not hold defined territories during their moult. We speculate that this high aggression evolved as a means of regulating the number of conspecifics that moulted in what were historically small habitat patches with limited food for supporting the extremely rapid moults of painted buntings.

Urine marking by male bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus Schreber, 1780; Microtidae, Rodentia) in relation to their social rank

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2594-2601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine M. Rozenfeld ◽  
E. Le Boulangé ◽  
R. Rasmont
Keyword(s):  
Social Rank ◽  
Clethrionomys Glareolus ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Bank Voles ◽  
Urine Marking ◽  
Hierarchical Groups ◽  
Free Interaction ◽  
Territorial Marking

Available ecological data suggest that mature males of Clethrionomys species form stable hierarchical groups during the breeding season. The present laboratory work reports on the agonistic and urinary behaviour of paired, hierarchically naive, male bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) before, during, and after free interaction in large enclosures provided with individual burrows. In this situation, a generally stable dominance–subordination relationship is established. After a brief fighting episode, the subordinate is recognizable mainly by his avoidance behaviour out of his burrow. The subordinate's burrow itself becomes the focus of agonistic interactions. The staining of urine with unmetabolized vital dyes allowed differentiation of marking patterns. The correlation between these patterns and the hierarchical status of the animals is in accordance with the hypothesis that in bank voles, the urine of adult males contains chemical signals involved in maintaining their social organization. The spatial distribution of the urine marks of the dominant around the subordinate's nest suggests that they act as a territorial marking.

scholarly journals Subspecies discrimination in the Scandinavian beaver (Castor fiber): combining behavioral and chemical evidence

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 902-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Rosell ◽  
Øyvind Steifetten
Keyword(s):  
Gland Secretion ◽  
Castor Fiber ◽  
Anal Gland ◽  
Geographic Isolation ◽  
Geographical Isolation ◽  
Anal Gland Secretion ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Subspecies Discrimination ◽  
Territorial Intrusion ◽  
Free Ranging

Geographic isolation is one of several models that has been proposed to explain the evolutionary course of speciation. In this study, we examined how geographical isolation may affect subspecies discrimination in the free-ranging Scandinavian beaver (Castor fiber fiber L., 1758) by simulating a territorial intrusion by using scent (castoreum and anal gland secretion) from a con-subspecific (N = 8 for castoreum and N = 7 for anal gland secretion) and a hetero-subspecific (Castor fiber albicus Matschie, 1907; N = 2 for both castoreum and anal gland secretion). Direct observations of 33 families during evenings showed that beavers (i) sniffed castoreum but not anal gland secretion from C. f. fiber significantly longer than from C. f. albicus and (ii) responded aggressively (i.e., stood on the mound on their hind feet, pawing and (or) overmarking) significantly longer to castoreum but not anal gland secretion from C. f. fiber than from C. f. albicus. When experimental scent mounds were allowed to remain overnight, the response was significantly stronger to castoreum but not to anal gland secretion from C. f. fiber than from C. f. albicus. Gas chromatographic comparisons of castoreum and anal gland secretion from the two subspecies supported our behavioral observations for castoreum but not for anal gland secretion. These findings suggest that geographical isolation has developed discriminatory abilities in C. f. fiber. We further suggest that the proximate factors involved are of environmental origin.

The neck and chest glands of the Australian hopping-mice, Notomys

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHS Watts
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Anatomy Of The Neck ◽  
Neck Gland ◽  
Species Being ◽  
Territorial Marking ◽  
Connective Tissue Stroma

The gross and microscopical anatomy of the neck glands of Notomys alexis, N. mitchellii, N. cervinus and N. fuscus is described. In N. alexis, N. mitchellii and N. fuscus the glandular area was composed of a sheet of sebaceous-type glands supported by a small amount of connective tissue. The gross morphology of the glandular area varied between these three species, being simplest in N. mitchellii and most complex in N. fuscus. N. cervinus had no neck gland, but males had a gland made up of a mass of lobules separately embedded in a connective tissue stroma in the sternal region. In all species the glandular area was active in all adult males, but in females only during pregnancy and lactation. It is considered that territorial marking and marking of group members, including newborn young, are among the most likely uses of the glands.

A Proposed Performance-Based System for Teacher Interactive Electronic Continuous Professional Development (TIE-CPD)

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Rafiza Abdul Razak ◽  
Farrah Dina Yusop ◽  
Aizal Yusrina Idris ◽  
Siti Hajar Halili
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Training System ◽  
Continuous Professional Development ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Interactive Training ◽  
Development Literature ◽  
The Cost ◽  
System Designs

The paper introduces Teacher Interactive Electronic Continuous Professional Development (TIE-CPD), an online interactive training system. The framework and methodology of TIE-CPD are designed with functionalities comparable with existing e-training systems. The system design and development literature offers several methodology and framework examples. In the process of designing an e-training system, other system designs may be referenced to provide an overview of the framework and methodology for TIE-CPD. The proposed system are primarily intended to facilitate acceptance and use of electronic training environments for teachers across a broad range of nations. The main function of such a system is to provide a training system for teacher use in enhancing competency, professionalism, skill, and knowledge. A continuing development program based on this system can be interactively conducted online and accessed from anywhere. Thus, online training programs can be improved consistently and the cost in terms of both money and labor for such programs can be reduced.

Good fences make good neighbours: the role of landmarks in territory partitioning in the rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus)

Behaviour ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Smith
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Territorial Male ◽  
Territorial Defence ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Rose ◽  
Rhodeus Ocellatus

AbstractTerritorial animals sometimes use conspicuous natural landmarks as boundaries to their territories. The utilization of territory-demarcating landmarks may have evolved to limit the costs of territorial defence, since the adoption of clearly defined boundaries by opponents in adjacent territories can reduce the overall rate of aggressive encounters, which can be energetically expensive or might result in injury. Here the role of artificial landmarks as boundaries was tested in territorial male rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus), a fish with a resourcebased mating system. Pairs of size-matched territorial males were permitted to interact for short periods in an otherwise featureless aquarium with an obvious landmark at the shared boundary of their territory either present or absent. The presence of the territory-demarcating landmark significantly reduced both the frequency of territorial incursions by males into adjacent territories and the rate of territorial displays. Males showed individual differences in their propensity to enter the territory of a rival, irrespective of the presence of a territorydemarcating landmark. These results suggest that the cost of defence of a territory may be reduced by utilizing territory-demarcating landmarks, in accordance with the predictions of theoretical models.

Grooming Interactions Among the Chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest, Uganda: Tests of Five Explanatory Models

Behaviour ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Whiten ◽  
Kate Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Adolescent Females ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Dominance Status ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Large Community ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Budongo Forest

AbstractPatterns of allogrooming among the Sonso community of chimpanzees of the Budongo Forest, Uganda, were examined and found to closely resemble those at other study sites. Strong affiliative bonds among males were reflected in high levels of grooming compared with other sex combinations. Adult males groomed, and received grooming most often from, other adult males and also adolescent females which were the only females with regular oestrous cycles during the study. Males had a wider diversity of grooming partners than females and groomed more equitably. However, males concentrated the majority of their effort on a very small number of partners compared with other sites. Grooming reciprocity was found among all age/sex combinations with the exception of adult male-female dyads once immediate reciprocation in the form of synchronous mutual grooming was removed from the analysis. Since grooming among males is thought to play a major role in servicing relationships and agonistic coalitions that can improve dominance status, competition for high-ranking grooming partners was predicted to influence the distribution of grooming among males. Grooming was indeed directed up the male hierarchy and closely ranked males groomed each other more often than those that were distantly ranked. However, when only adult males were considered, rank had little effect on grooming distributions. High rank appeared to influence access to females, but did not attract more female grooming partners. Grooming distributions in this average-sized community did not fit a number of alternative priority of access models which assume competition for high-ranking grooming partners that Watts (2000b) found to have some explanatory value in one very large community of chimpanzees, but not in a smaller, more representative one. Although rank is highly likely to influence coalition partner choice, whether such relationships depend upon strategic grooming partner choices in wild chimpanzees is presently unclear.

scholarly journals Harvesting of males delays female breeding in a socially monogamous mammal; the beaver

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Parker ◽  
Frank Rosell ◽  
Atle Mysterud
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Castor Fiber ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Timing Of Reproduction ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Socially Monogamous

Human exploitation may skew adult sex ratios in vertebrate populations to the extent that males become limiting for normal reproduction. In polygynous ungulates, females delay breeding in heavily harvested populations, but effects are often fairly small. We would expect a stronger effect of male harvesting in species with a monogamous mating system, but no such study has been performed. We analysed the effect of harvesting males on the timing of reproduction in the obligate monogamous beaver ( Castor fiber ). We found a negative impact of harvesting of adult males on the timing of parturition in female beavers. The proportion of normal breeders sank from over 80%, when no males had been shot in the territories of pregnant females, to under 20%, when three males had been shot. Harvesting of males in monogamous mammals can apparently affect their normal reproductive cycle.

Territoriality in females of the slender opossum (Marmosops paulensis) in the Atlantic forest of Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 671-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália Oliveira Leiner ◽  
Wesley Rodrigues Silva
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Small Rodents ◽  
Territorial Defence ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
Competition For Space ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Relationship Of

Spatial organization within animal populations is often thought to reflect the outcome of strategies implemented by each individual to enhance its reproductive success and survival (Clutton-Brock 1989). Thus, while females usually focus on the acquisition of food and breeding sites, male dispersion is more often determined by the distribution and availability of females (Clutton-Brock 1989). Due to these factors, intraspecific competition for space could lead to the adoption of a territorial strategy, whenever the benefits of territorial defence are higher than the costs (Brown & Orians 1970). Among small mammals, two main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the occurrence of territoriality in females. Ostfeld (1990) proposed that females should defend food resources, so the distribution and availability of food items should determine the cost–benefit relationship of adopting a territorial strategy. However, Wolff (1993) developed a hypothesis, based on small rodents, that females should defend nest sites in order to avoid infanticide, the so-called pup-defence hypothesis.

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