Regulatory peptides and the onset of nausea and vomiting

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kucharczyk ◽  
R. K. Harding
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Regulatory Peptides ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting

There is no direct evidence that peptide hormones mediate vomiting observed during various cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, visceral, or neurological disorders. On the other hand, recent studies in animal models have demonstrated that several endogenous vasoactive neuropeptides can induce short-latency emesis following systemic or intracranial injections. This article reviews experimental data on peptide-induced emesis.Key words: emesis, neuropeptides, area postrema, angiotensin II, vasopressin.

Abnormal vascular function and morphology in preeclampsia: a study of isolated resistance vessels

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Aalkjaer ◽  
H. Danielsen ◽  
P. Johannesen ◽  
E. B. Pedersen ◽  
A. Rasmussen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vascular Changes ◽  
Direct Information ◽  
Vascular Abnormalities ◽  
Media Thickness ◽  
Resistance Vessels

1. In order to obtain direct information about vascular changes associated with pre-eclampsia, the morphological and functional characteristics of isolated omental resistance vessels from 11 women with pre-eclampsia, 10 normotensive pregnant women and eight normotensive nonpregnant women were determined. 2. In vessels from the women with preeclampsia, the ratio of media thickness to lumen diameter was increased, compared with that in vessels from the other two groups. 3. The vessels from the women with preeclampsia had an increased responsiveness to angiotensin II and a decreased rate of relaxation, but only when compared with the vessels from the normotensive pregnant women. However, no difference in responsiveness to noradrenaline was found between any of the groups. 4. The angiotensin II responsiveness of the vessels from the women with pre-eclampsia and from the non-pregnant women were similar, suggesting that pre-eclampsia is associated with an absence of the change in vascular function which normally occurs during pregnancy. 5. The study provides direct evidence for an involvement of vascular abnormalities in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.

The origin of the vomiting response: a neuroanatomical hypothesis

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
L N. C. Lawes
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
The Other ◽  
Behaviour Pattern ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Paraventricular Nuclei ◽  
Autonomic Pathways

The connections of area postrema include a set of nuclei with a common topographical location immediately deep to the ependyma or pia mater. These nuclei are all within two principal synapses of the area postrema and can be reached by more than one route from it. There is direct evidence that, like the area postrema, a number of these nuclei participate in vomiting. It is suggested that the paraventricular system may act as a distributed pattern generator for the several processes known to be integrated in the emetic response. It is also suggested that the other functions of the paraventricular nuclei, mainly homeostatic in mammals, have all evolved from a prototypical behaviour pattern of escape from, and subsequent avoidance of, noxious stimuli. Thus, through this system of nuclei, blood pressure, respiration, gastrointestinal motility and secretion, fluid and electrolyte balance, and the ingestion of food may all be influenced by noxious situations.Key words: vomiting, central autonomic pathways, homeostasis, escape, osmoregulation.

scholarly journals GLYPROLINE PEPTIDE PHARMACODYNAMICS IN RATS IN THE SETTING OF METABOLIC SYNDROME BY THE PARAMETERS OF LIPID METABOLISM AND TROMBOELASTOGRAMMA

Biomeditsina ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
T. Yu. Obergan ◽  
M. G. Lyapina ◽  
M. E. Grigorjeva ◽  
L. A. Lyapina
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Blood Clotting ◽  
Regulatory Peptides ◽  
Biological Action ◽  
Regulatory Impact

In this study, experimental data on the biological action of glyproline peptides — Pro-Gly-Pro, Pro-ArgPro, Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro and Pro-Gly-Pro-Leu — on the processes of blood coagulation and lipid metabolism were obtained using animal models of metabolic syndrome. Under the conditions of increased blood clotting and hypercholesterolemia, the regulatory peptides under study were administered intranasally for 7 days once every 24 hours. 20 hours after the last peptide administration, thromboelastogram parameters confi rmed the restoration of the functional state of the coagulating and anticoagulant systems. In addition, a simultaneous positive shift in the parameters of lipid metabolism was observed. These changes lasted for 7 days following the withdrawal of the drugs. It is found that the biological action of the peptides under study consists in their simultaneous regulatory impact on the processes of hemostasis and lipid metabolism.

Evidence for ordered Fe3Ni

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 216-217
Author(s):  
K.B. Reuter ◽  
D.B. Williams ◽  
J.I. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Martensitic Transformation ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Transformation Product ◽  
Iron Meteorites ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ni Content ◽  
Temperature Transformation

In the Fe-Ni system, although ordered FeNi and ordered Ni3Fe are experimentally well established, direct evidence for ordered Fe3Ni is unconvincing. Little experimental data for Fe3Ni exists because diffusion is sluggish at temperatures below 400°C and because alloys containing less than 29 wt% Ni undergo a martensitic transformation at room temperature. Fe-Ni phases in iron meteorites were examined in this study because iron meteorites have cooled at slow rates of about 10°C/106 years, allowing phase transformations below 400°C to occur. One low temperature transformation product, called clear taenite 2 (CT2), was of particular interest because it contains less than 30 wtZ Ni and is not martensitic. Because CT2 is only a few microns in size, the structure and Ni content were determined through electron diffraction and x-ray microanalysis. A Philips EM400T operated at 120 kV, equipped with a Tracor Northern 2000 multichannel analyzer, was used.

scholarly journals Two and three pseudoscalar production in e+e− annihilation and their contributions to (g − 2)μ

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Qin ◽  
Ling-Yun Dai ◽  
Jorge Portolés
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Theoretical Prediction ◽  
Pseudoscalar Meson ◽  
Magnetic Moment ◽  
Anomalous Magnetic Moment ◽  
Vacuum Polarization ◽  
Meson Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
The Standard Model

Abstract A coherent study of e+e− annihilation into two (π+π−, K+K−) and three (π+π−π0, π+π−η) pseudoscalar meson production is carried out within the framework of resonance chiral theory in energy region E ≲ 2 GeV. The work of [L.Y. Dai, J. Portolés, and O. Shekhovtsova, Phys. Rev. D88 (2013) 056001] is revisited with the latest experimental data and a joint analysis of two pseudoscalar meson production. Hence, we evaluate the lowest order hadronic vacuum polarization contributions of those two and three pseudoscalar processes to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. We also estimate some higher-order additions led by the same hadronic vacuum polarization. Combined with the other contributions from the standard model, the theoretical prediction differs still by (21.6 ± 7.4) × 10−10 (2.9σ) from the experimental value.

The Origins of Domestic Sheep and Goats: a Reconsideration in the Light of the Fossil Evidence

1969 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 368-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Payne
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
The Other ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Animal Domestication ◽  
The Past ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

In recent discussions of the origins and process of animal domestication (Reed, 1961, Zeuner, 1963), both authors rely on two kinds of evidence: on the one hand, the present distributions and characteristics of the different breeds of whatever animal is being discussed, together with its feral and wild relatives, and, on the other hand, the past record, given by literary and pictorial sources and the bones from archaeological and geological sites. Increased recognition of the limitations of the past record, whether in the accuracy of the information it appears to give (as in the case of pictorial sources), or in the certainty of the deductions we are at present capable of drawing from it (this applies especially to the osteological record), has led these authors to argue mainly from the present situation, using the past record to confirm or amplify the existing picture.Arguing from the present, many hypotheses about the origins and process of domestication are available. The only test we have, when attempting to choose between these, lies in the direct evidence of the past record. The past record, it is freely admitted, is very fragmentary: the information provided by the present situation is more exact, ranges over a much wider field, and is more open to test and control. Nevertheless, the past record, however imperfect it is, is the only direct evidence we have about the process of domestication.

APPLICATION OF A NEW HAMILTONIAN OF INTERACTION TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (09) ◽  
pp. 1351-1368
Author(s):  
ANDREI DOLOCAN ◽  
VOICU OCTAVIAN DOLOCAN ◽  
VOICU DOLOCAN
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Cohesive Energy ◽  
Noble Gases ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ionic Crystals ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Good Agreement

Using a new Hamiltonian of interaction we have calculated the cohesive energy in three-dimensional structures. We have found the news dependences of this energy on the distance between the atoms. The obtained results are in a good agreement with experimental data in ionic, covalent and noble gases crystals. The coupling constant γ between the interacting field and the atoms is somewhat smaller than unity in ionic crystals and is some larger than unity in covalent and noble gases crystals. The formulae found by us are general and may be applied, also, to the other types of interactions, for example, gravitational interactions.

scholarly journals Progesterone after Estradiol Modulates Shuttle-Cage Escape by Facilitating Volition

2015 ◽  
Vol 9s1 ◽  
pp. JEN.S32735
Author(s):  
Darryl J. Mayeaux ◽  
Sarah M. Tandle ◽  
Sean M. Cilano ◽  
Matthew J. Fitzharris
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Electric Shock ◽  
Ovarian Hormones ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Animal Models Of Depression ◽  
Escape Learning

In animal models of depression, depression is defined as performance on a learning task. That task is typically escaping a mild electric shock in a shuttle cage by moving from one side of the cage to the other. Ovarian hormones influence learning in other kinds of tasks, and these hormones are associated with depressive symptoms in humans. The role of these hormones in shuttle-cage escape learning, however, is less clear. This study manipulated estradiol and progesterone in ovariectomized female rats to examine their performance in shuttle-cage escape learning without intentionally inducing a depressive-like state. Progesterone, not estradiol, within four hours of testing affected latencies to escape. The improvement produced by progesterone was in the decision to act, not in the speed of learning or speed of escaping. This parallels depression in humans in that depressed people are slower in volition, in their decisions to take action.

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