Diabetes and intestinal cholesterol uptake from bile salt solutions

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 856-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. R. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Micelle Formation ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Cholesterol Uptake ◽  
In Vitro Technique ◽  
And Control

A previously validated in vitro technique was used to determine the effect of diabetes mellitus on the intestinal uptake of cholesterol from various micellar bile salt solutions. The bile salts studied included cholic (C), taurocholic (TC), glycocolic (GC), chenodeoxycholic (CDC), taurochenodeoxycholic (TCDC), glycochenodeoxycholic (GCDC), deoxycholic (DC), taurodeoxycholic (TDC), and glycodeoxycholic (GDC). In control rats there was a reciprocal decline in cholesterol uptake with increasing concentrations of these nine bile acids, and cholesterol uptake was greater from the conjugated primary bile acids than from the unconjugated ones. With a 5 mM concentration of bile acids, the ratios of the uptake of 0.2 mM cholesterol in control rats were C=CDC=DC, TCDC>TC>TDC, and GC=GCDC>GDC; with 20 mM concentrations, the ratios of cholesterol uptake in control rats were C>CDC>DC, TC>TCDC>TDC, and GC=GCDC>GDC. In the diabetic animals cholesterol uptake was higher than in control rats when using 5 or 20 mM of each of the conjugated bile acids and with cholic acid. In contrast, cholesterol uptake was similar in diabetic and control animals when cholesterol was solubilized with 5 or 20 mM CDC or DC. These differences in cholesterol uptake using the various bile acids and the failure of CDC and DC to facilitate the enhanced uptake of cholesterol in diabetic animals remains unexplained. Thus the modification of the concentration and type of the bile acids available for micelle formation in the intestinal lumen may influence the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and may determine whether cholesterol uptake is increased in diabetes mellitus.

In vitro studies of gallstone dissolution using bile salt solutions and heparinized saline

1977 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 572-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Hardie ◽  
M. K. Green ◽  
W. Burnett ◽  
D. R. Walland ◽  
A. Hall-Brown
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Gallstone Dissolution ◽  
Heparinized Saline

Cholestasis and the interactions of sulfated glyco- and taurolithocholate with calcium

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (5) ◽  
pp. G644-G649
Author(s):  
R. van der Meer ◽  
R. J. Vonk ◽  
F. Kuipers
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Lithocholic Acid ◽  
Critical Micellar Concentration ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Anionic Groups

To elucidate possible mechanisms of the differential cholestatic effect of sulfated glyco- and taurolithocholate (SGLC and STLC) the interactions of these bile acids with calcium were studied both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, SGLC was readily precipitated by Ca in physiological concentrations (less than 5 mM). It appeared that only micelles of SGLC were precipitated and that both the sulfate and the carboxylate anionic groups participated in Ca binding. Conjugation with taurine almost completely prevented this Ca-dependent precipitation. Intravenous infusion of SGLC (12 mumol/h) in unanesthetized rats with permanent biliary drainage induced cholestasis, which was preceded by the formation of a biliary Ca-SGLC precipitate, suggesting a causal relationship. Taurine conjugation prevented this biliary precipitation as well as cholestasis. Furthermore, we studied in vitro the binding of the sulfated bile acids to insoluble calcium phosphate, simulating interactions with Ca at the intestinal level. Compared with STLC, micellar SGLC was bound with much higher affinity. This high-affinity binding was probably due to the involvement of both the sulfate and the carboxylate group. This might also explain that the apparent critical micellar concentration of SGLC, in contrast to that of STLC, was extremely Ca dependent. The present findings indicate that 1) interaction with calcium might be responsible for the differential cholestatic properties of SGLC and STLC and 2) binding of sulfated lithocholic acid conjugates to insoluble calcium phosphate in the intestinal lumen is likely to prevent their accumulation in the enterohepatic circulation.

Na and K activity coefficients in bile and bile salts determined by glass electrodes

1964 ◽  
Vol 206 (5) ◽  
pp. 1111-1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward W. Moore ◽  
John M. Dietschy
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Osmotic Coefficients ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Glass Electrodes ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Mathematical formulations for transmembrane potential differences are expressed in terms of ionic activities rather than ionic concentrations, and require knowledge of the activity coefficients of a given ionic species in mixed solutions. Cation-selective glass electrodes have been used to determine sodium and potassium activity coefficients in pure bile salt solutions and in native bile, relative to standard NaCl or KCl solutions. Comparison was made with osmotic coefficients determined by freezing-point depression. Both sodium and potassium activity coefficients in bile salt solutions and in bile were lower than those for NaCl or KCl solutions at corresponding concentrations, with potassium coefficients being lower than those for sodium. These derived activity coefficients have been used experimentally in in vivo and in vitro gall bladder preparations with close agreement between observed potentials and those predicted by the Hodgkin-Katz equation.

Secondary Metabolites in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: A Paradigm Shift

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 493-511
Author(s):  
Deependra Singh Chauhan ◽  
Paras Gupta ◽  
Faheem Hyder Pottoo ◽  
Mohd Amir
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
And Control

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, polygenic and non-infectious group of diseases that occurs due to insulin resistance or its low production by the pancreas and is also associated with lifelong damage, dysfunction and collapse of various organs. Management of diabetes is quite complex having many bodily and emotional complications and warrants efficient measures for prevention and control of the same. As per the estimates of the current and future diabetes prevalence, around 425 million people were diabetic in 2017 which is anticipated to rise up to 629 million by 2045. Various studies have vaguely proven the fact that several vitamins, minerals, botanicals and secondary metabolites demonstrate hypoglycemic activity in vivo as well as in vitro. Flavonoids, anthocyanin, catechin, lipoic acid, coumarin metabolites, etc. derived from herbs were found to elicit a significant influence on diabetes. However, the prescription of herbal compounds depend on various factors, including the degree of diabetes progression, comorbidities, feasibility, economics as well as their ADR profile. For instance, cinnamon could be a more favorable choice for diabetic hypertensive patients. Diabecon®, Glyoherb® and Diabeta Plus® are some of the herbal products that had been launched in the market for the favorable or adjuvant therapy of diabetes. Moreover, Aloe vera leaf gel extract demonstrates significant activity in diabetes. The goal of this review was to inscribe various classes of secondary metabolites, in particular those obtained from plants, and their role in the treatment of DM. Recent advancements in recognizing the markers which can be employed for identifying altered metabolic pathways, biomarker discovery, limitations, metabolic markers of drug potency and off-label effects are also reviewed.

IN-VITRO STUDIES OF GALLSTONE DISSOLUTION: THE EFFECT OF ADDED HEPARIN IN BILE SALT SOLUTIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 828-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Furnival ◽  
W. Burnett ◽  
M. K. Green ◽  
N. C. Selvage ◽  
G. Cavaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Gallstone Dissolution

Postnatal development of intestinal bile salt transport in the guinea pig

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (3) ◽  
pp. G189-G194 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Heubi ◽  
J. D. Fondacaro
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Intestinal Transport ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
In Vitro Technique ◽  
Jejunal Transport ◽  
Bile Salt Transport

The postnatal development of intestinal bile salt transport was examined in the guinea pig. Using an in vitro technique, mucosal uptake of taurocholate was measured in jejunum and ileum at five monomeric concentrations from fetal, 1-day-old, 5-day-old, 10-day-old, 21-day-old, and adult animals. Jejunal taurocholate uptake was linear with respect to concentration and was not inhibited by taurochenodeoxycholate at all ages studied. In fetal and 1-day-old animals, ileal taurocholate uptake was linear and was not inhibited by taurochenodeoxycholate. A curvilinear relation between uptake and taurocholate concentration, which was inhibited by taurochenodeoxycholate, was observed in 5-day-old and older animals. These findings indicate that, in the guinea pig, passive diffusion of taurocholate is the only mode of intestinal transport in fetuses and newborns and the sole mode of jejunal transport at all ages. By 5 days, however, active ileal transport appears, which persists into adulthood and contributes to the development of an efficient enterohepatic circulation of bile salts.

Cholestyramine Protection against Ochratoxin A Toxicity: Role of Ochratoxin A Sorption by the Resin and Bile Acid Enterohepatic Circulation

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 1461-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABDELHAMID KERKADI ◽  
CLAUDE BARRIAULT ◽  
RONALD R. MARQUARDT ◽  
ANDRZEJ A. FROHLICH ◽  
IBRAHIM M. YOUSEF ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Fixed Amount

We have shown that the addition of cholestyramine (CHA, a resin known to bind bile salts in the gastrointestinal tract) to ochratoxin A (OTA)-contaminated rat diets reduced plasma levels of the toxin and prevented OTA-induced nephrotoxicity. To elucidate the mechanism of action of CHA, we carried out in vitro experiments to determine whether the resin may bind the toxin. For comparative purposes, binding of bile salts to the resin was also examined. Results showed that CHA binds both OTA and bile salts (taurodeoxycholate [TDC] and taurocholate [TCA]). Also, CHA showed greater affinity for OTA and TDC than for TCA. At 1 mM concentration, 96% of OTA and 80% of TDC were bound to the resin, while for TCA binding was only 50%. However, saturation of the resin was reached at higher levels with bile acids compared to OTA (3.67 mmol/g resin for TCA and 3.71 mmol/g resin for TDC versus 2.85 mmol/g resin for OTA). To characterize the nature of the binding of the toxin to CHA, NaCl (0 to 200 mM) was added to a fixed amount of OTA or bile acids. As expected, TCA absorption was decreased by the addition of NaCl (<50 mM), indicating electrostatic binding. However, OTA and TDC sorption was decreased only at high concentrations of NaCl (>150 mM), suggesting a stronger binding to the resin than that shown with TCA. Sequential competitive studies demonstrated that CHA binds more OTA than TCA. The results of the in vivo study show the role of bile salts in OTA absorption. The toxin's plasma levels at 1 and 3 h after a single oral dose of OTA were significantly decreased in bile salt–depleted rats compared to the control. Thus, the alteration of the bile salt biliary pool and OTA enterohepatic circulation may be an additional mechanism of action of the resin against mycotoxin toxicity.

scholarly journals Roles of bile acids in enteric virus replication

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanzhi Kong ◽  
Linda J. Saif ◽  
Qiuhong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Enteric Caliciviruses ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cell Signaling Pathways

AbstractBile acids (BAs) are evolutionally conserved molecules synthesized in the liver from cholesterol to facilitating the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients. In the intestines, where enteric viruses replicate, BAs also act as signaling molecules that modulate various biological functions via activation of specific receptors and cell signaling pathways. To date, BAs present either pro-viral or anti-viral effects for the replication of enteric viruses in vivo and in vitro. In this review, we summarized current information on biosynthesis, transportation and metabolism of BAs and the role of BAs in replication of enteric caliciviruses, rotaviruses, and coronaviruses. We also discussed the application of BAs for cell culture adaptation of fastidious enteric caliciviruses and control of virus infection, which may provide novel insights into the development of antivirals and/or disinfectants for enteric viruses.

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