Function of sensory input in Insect motor systems

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 660-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Motor Systems ◽  
Environmental Disturbances ◽  
Reflex Pathways ◽  
Locust Flight ◽  
And Function

The organization and function of sensory input has been examined in three insect motor systems: locust jumping, cockroach walking, and locust flight. In these three systems sensory input is primarily involved in the production of the normal patterns of motor activity rather than in the compensation for sudden changes in the external environment. At least two general functions for sensory input in the normal patterning of motor activity can be identified: (1) compensation for changes in the peripheral elements of the motor system which occur as a result of use and maturation and (2) regulation of switching from one phase of a movement to another following the attainment of a specific state by peripheral structures. Reflex pathways may exist for compensating for sudden environmental disturbances but these have not yet been clearly demonstrated.

Neuroscience of Swallowing: Strategies in Rehabilitation

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Neuromuscular System ◽  
Motor Systems ◽  
Input Enhancement ◽  
Laryngeal Nerves

Abstract The development of strategies to rehabilitate patients with dysphagia depends on an understanding of both the underlying neuroscientific principles that control normal swallowing and how a damaged central nervous system can respond. Strategies can incorporate the sensory and motor systems, as well as use the plasticity of the cortex and neuromuscular system. Treating dysphagia could involve stimulating the sensory system more often through the two primary nerves involved with swallowing, the glossopharyngeal and superior laryngeal nerves, as well as by enhancing the trigeminal sensory input. Enhancement of the motor system can occur by using muscles in special exercises or by electrically stimulating the target muscles directly. The cortex can be modified by increased sensory input, which will adapt the sensorimotor cortex. In addition, techniques of directly stimulating the cortex hold promise for rehabilitation.

scholarly journals Telling apart motor noise from exploratory behaviour, in early development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodora Gliga
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Early Learning ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Contextual Modulation ◽  
New Information ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Increase Motor Activity ◽  
Active Exploration

Infant’s minutes long babbling bouts or energetic reaching for or mouthing of whatever they can get their hands on gives very much the impression of active exploration, a building block for early learning. But how can we tell active exploration from the activity of an immature motor system, attempting but failing to achieve goal directed behaviour? I will focus here on evidence that infants actively increase motor activity and variability when faced with opportunities to gather new information. I will discuss mechanisms generating movement variability, and suggests that, in the various forms it takes, from deliberate hypothesis testing to increasing environmental variability, it could be exploited for learning. However, understanding how infant exploratory behavior contributes to learning will require more in-depth investigations of both the nature of and the contextual modulation of behavioural variability.

scholarly journals TEDs Site Phosphorylation Regulates Myosin I Motor Activity And Function In Fission Yeast

2009 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 545a-546a
Author(s):  
Sheran L. Attanapola ◽  
Daniel P. Mulvihill
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Fission Yeast ◽  
Myosin I ◽  
And Function

Interactions Between Neurones Mediating Tuft Withdrawal in Tritonia Hombergi

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-666
Author(s):  
D. A. DORSETT ◽  
A. O. D. WILLOWS
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Stimulus Intensity ◽  
Large Amplitude ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Spike Pattern ◽  
General Increase ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Central Excitability

The seven neurones that command the three stages of branchial tuft withdrawal interact by electrotonic and chemically mediated polysynaptic pathways. The pleural tuft retractors, L and R Pl 6, make electrotonic synapses with the ipsilateral neuronesPd2, which cause retraction of the tips of the tufts. The chemically transmitting pathways, between these and other retractor neurones, are mostly reciprocal and can be classified as weak or strong. The former are small in amplitude, with long latencies (1-3 sec) and are labile to repeated activation; the latter are of large amplitude and shorter latency (0·5-0·8 sec), but may still show decrement with repeated use. Frequently the p.s.p. shows indications of 1:1 correlation with the spike pattern in the driven neurone, but the long latencies require the presence of at least one interneurone in the pathway. The progressive spread of the behavioural response (withdrawal of the tips, complete unilateral withdrawal, complete bilateral withdrawal of all tufts), which occurs with increasing stimulus intensity, is not dependent on a central hierarchy in the activation of the tuft retractor neurones. Reciprocal feedback leads to a general increase in central excitability, the threshold for more extensive responses being probably determined largely by the sensory input to individual neurones. The unique pleural cell R Pl 5 is exceptional, both in the variety of motor activity it commands and in the absence of reciprocal connexions from other retractor neurones.

scholarly journals Spontaneous activations follow a common developmental course across primary sensory areas in mouse neocortex

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Frye ◽  
Jason N. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Imaging ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Developmental Progression ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

Spontaneous propagation of spiking within the local neocortical circuits of mature primary sensory areas is highly nonrandom, engaging specific sets of interconnected and functionally related neurons. These spontaneous activations promise insight into neocortical structure and function, but their properties in the first 2 wk of perinatal development are incompletely characterized. Previously, we have found that there is a minimal numerical sample, on the order of 400 cells, necessary to fully capture mature neocortical circuit dynamics. Therefore we maximized our numerical sample by using two-photon calcium imaging to observe spontaneous activity in populations of up to 1,062 neurons spanning multiple columns and layers in 52 acute coronal slices of mouse neocortex at each day from postnatal day (PND) 3 to PND 15. Slices contained either primary auditory cortex (A1) or somatosensory barrel field (S1BF), which allowed us to compare sensory modalities with markedly different developmental timelines. Between PND 3 and PND 8, populations in both areas exhibited activations of anatomically compact subgroups on the order of dozens of cells. Between PND 9 and PND 13, the spatiotemporal structure of the activity diversified to include spatially distributed activations encompassing hundreds of cells. Sparse activations covering the entire field of view dominated in slices taken on or after PND 14. These and other findings demonstrate that the developmental progression of spontaneous activations from active local modules in the first postnatal week to sparse, intermingled groups of neurons at the beginning of the third postnatal week generalizes across primary sensory areas, consistent with an intrinsic developmental trajectory independent of sensory input.

scholarly journals State-dependent sensorimotor gating in a rhythmic motor system

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 2806-2818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel S. White ◽  
Robert M. Spencer ◽  
Michael P. Nusbaum ◽  
Dawn M. Blitz
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Projection Neuron ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Gastric Mill ◽  
Sensory Regulation ◽  
Motor Circuits

Sensory feedback influences motor circuits and/or their projection neuron inputs to adjust ongoing motor activity, but its efficacy varies. Currently, less is known about regulation of sensory feedback onto projection neurons that control downstream motor circuits than about sensory regulation of the motor circuit neurons themselves. In this study, we tested whether sensory feedback onto projection neurons is sensitive only to activation of a motor system, or also to the modulatory state underlying that activation, using the crab Cancer borealis stomatogastric nervous system. We examined how proprioceptor neurons (gastropyloric receptors, GPRs) influence the gastric mill (chewing) circuit neurons and the projection neurons (MCN1, CPN2) that drive the gastric mill rhythm. During gastric mill rhythms triggered by the mechanosensory ventral cardiac neurons (VCNs), GPR was shown previously to influence gastric mill circuit neurons, but its excitation of MCN1/CPN2 was absent. In this study, we tested whether GPR effects on MCN1/CPN2 are also absent during gastric mill rhythms triggered by the peptidergic postoesophageal commissure (POC) neurons. The VCN and POC pathways both trigger lasting MCN1/CPN2 activation, but their distinct influence on circuit feedback to these neurons produces different gastric mill motor patterns. We show that GPR excites MCN1 and CPN2 during the POC-gastric mill rhythm, altering their firing rates and activity patterns. This action changes both phases of the POC-gastric mill rhythm, whereas GPR only alters one phase of the VCN-gastric mill rhythm. Thus sensory feedback to projection neurons can be gated as a function of the modulatory state of an active motor system, not simply switched on/off with the onset of motor activity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sensory feedback influences motor systems (i.e., motor circuits and their projection neuron inputs). However, whether regulation of sensory feedback to these projection neurons is consistent across different versions of the same motor pattern driven by the same motor system was not known. We found that gating of sensory feedback to projection neurons is determined by the modulatory state of the motor system, and not simply by whether the system is active or inactive.

scholarly journals ENaC structure and function in the wake of a resolved structure of a family member

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (4) ◽  
pp. F684-F696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ossama B. Kashlan ◽  
Thomas R. Kleyman
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Ion Channel ◽  
Functional Data ◽  
Ion Selectivity ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Channel Assembly ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

Our understanding of epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) structure and function has been profoundly impacted by the resolved structure of the homologous acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1). The structure of the extracellular and pore regions provide insight into channel assembly, processing, and the ability of these channels to sense the external environment. The absence of intracellular structures precludes insight into important interactions with intracellular factors that regulate trafficking and function. The primary sequences of ASIC1 and ENaC subunits are well conserved within the regions that are within or in close proximity to the plasma membrane, but poorly conserved in peripheral domains that may functionally differentiate family members. This review examines functional data, including ion selectivity, gating, and amiloride block, in light of the resolved ASIC1 structure.

scholarly journals Extraocular Motor System Exhibits a Higher Expression of Neurotrophins When Compared with Other Brainstem Motor Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosendo G. Hernández ◽  
Silvia Silva-Hucha ◽  
Sara Morcuende ◽  
Rosa R. de la Cruz ◽  
Angel M. Pastor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Motor Systems

scholarly journals The effects of testosterone and insulin-like growth factor 1 on motor system form and function

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Oki ◽  
Timothy D. Law ◽  
Anne B. Loucks ◽  
Brian C. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
System Form ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals The segregation of vocal circuits solves a credit assignment problem associated with multi-objective reinforcement learning

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Murdoch ◽  
Ruidong Chen ◽  
Jesse Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Vocal Learning ◽  
Place Learning ◽  
Credit Assignment ◽  
Strobe Light ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Motor Circuits ◽  
And Function ◽  
Learning Circuits ◽  
Double Dissociations

AbstractMotor circuits vary in topographic organization, ranging from a coarse relationship between neuron location and function to highly localized regions controlling specific behaviors. For unclear reasons, vocal learning circuits lie at this second extreme: they repeatedly evolved to be spatially segregated from other parts of the motor system. Here we show that spatially segregated motor circuits can solve a specific problem that arises when an animal tries to learn two things at once. We trained songbirds in vocal and place learning paradigms with brief strobe light flashes and noise bursts. Strobe light negatively reinforced place learning but did not affect song syllable learning. Noise bursts positively reinforced place preference but negatively reinforced syllable learning. These double dissociations indicate that vocalization-related reinforcement signals specifically target the vocal motor system, while place-related reinforcement signals specifically target the navigation system. Non-global, target-specific reinforcement signals have established utility in machine implementation of multi-objective learning. In vocal learners, such signals could enable an animal to practice vocalizing as it does other things such as forage for food or learn to walk.

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